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Organization of Human Body
Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Cartilage is an example of which of the following tissues? a. connective tissue b. epithelial tissue c. muscle tissue d. none of the above
2.The lymphatic system removes which of the following from tissues? a. excess gases b. excess fluids c. excess solids d. none of the above
3.The next highest level after the cell is the a. atom. b. organ. c. tissue. d. organism.
4.Which of the following systems transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to cells and carries away wastes? a. respiratory b. circulatory c. endocrine d. nervous
5.A low level of water in the blood triggers retention of water by the a. gall bladder. b. liver. c. pancreas. d. kidneys.
6.Which of the following systems produces gametes? a. circulatory b. reproductive c. muscular d. skeletal
7. What provides muscle cells with the energy they need to move the body?
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a. DNA b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. cell membrane
8.All of the organs and organ systems of the human body work well together because they are closely regulated by which of the following systems? a. lymphatic and nervous b. endocrine and muscular c. nervous and endocrine d. circulatory and lymphatic
9.A high concentration of what in the blood triggers faster breathing? a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. water d. carbon monoxide
10. Which system secretes hormones that regulate other organs and organ systems? a. muscular b. nervous c. respiratory d. endocrine
11. A high concentration of what in the blood triggers secretion of insulin? a. salt b. sugar c. oxygen d. water
12. Insulin is secreted by an endocrine gland called the a. thyroid. b. pineal body. c. pancreas. d. gall bladder.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Keeping a stable internal environment does not require constant adjustments. _______ 14. Muscles attached to bones enable the body to move.
_______ 15. An organ is a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job.
_______ 16. The lining of the digestive tract is an example of connective tissue. _______ 17. The human body consists of three tissue types. Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The largest organ of the human body is the ________________. 19. At each higher level of organization, there is a greater degree of _______________. 20. Nerve cells have long projections that help them carry _______________ messages to other cells.
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21. A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar _______________.
22. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that have the unique ability to _______________.
23. The muscular system ________________ the body and allows it to move.
24. The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called ______________- ____.
25. Functioning together, the organ systems keep _______________, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels to support life processes.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Give an example of how the respiratory system helps the body maintain homeostasis.
27. What happens if homeostasis fails?
Answer Key
To Be Posted
Answer Key
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. d
11. b
12. c
13. False 14. True 15. True 16. False 17. False
18. skin 19. complexity 20. electrical 21. function 22. contract 23. supports 24. homeostasis 25. temperature
26. In the respiratory system, if there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, then faster breathing is triggered. The lungs exhale more frequently, which removes carbon dioxide from the body more quickly.
27. If homeostasis fails, cells may not get everything they need, or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body. If homeostasis is not restored, the imbalance may lead to disease or even death.
21.2 The Skeletal System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. What type of tissue does cartilage consist of?
a. muscle tissue
b. dense connective tissue c. endocrine tissue
d. loose epithelial tissue
2. Which of the following is a function of the skeleton?
a. protecting internal organs
b. providing attachment surfaces for muscles c. producing blood cells
d. all of the above
3. Bone matrix consists of tough fibers made of
a. carbohydrate.
b. fat.
c. protein.
d. none of the above.
4. The bone matrix fibers become hard and rigid due to mineralization with what kind of crystals?
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. none of the above
5. Osteoblasts secrete
a. calcium. b. water.
c. hormones. d. collagen.
6. Which of the following makes up the dense outer layer of bone?
a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
7. Which of the following covers and protects the outer surfaces of bone? a. compact bone
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b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
8. Which of the following produces blood cells?
a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
9. The ribs and sternum are connected by
a. immovable joints.
b. partly moveable joints. c. movable joints.
d. none of the above.
10. The shoulder is an example of which type of joint?
a. partly moveable b. hinge
c. ball-and-socket d. pivot
11. Bone problems include
a. fractures.
b. osteoarthritis. c. rickets.
d. all of the above.
12. Fractures heal when which of the following forms new bone?
a. osteoclasts
b. osteoblasts
c. osteocytes
d. none of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. One of the functions of the skeleton is to produce blood cells.
_______ 14. There are three types of specialized cells in human bones.
_______ 15. Periosteum is soft connective tissue.
_______ 16. The surfaces of bones at joints are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage. _______ 17. Rickets is a condition in which cartilage breaks down in joints.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Cartilage is made of tough ____________________ fibers.
19. A _________________ is a band of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together and keeps them in place. 20. The skeleton maintains ________________ homeostasis.
21. When mineral levels in the blood are too high, bones absorb some of the minerals and store them as mineral ___________________.
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22. __________________ regulate mineral homeostasis.
23. Bone marrow is found inside the pores of ________________ bone.
24. During the development of a human fetus, the relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone through ___________________.
25. The bones of the skull are connected by ________________ joints.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. How do osteoblasts produce bone matrix?
27. How do the four types of bone tissues differ physically from each other?
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. c4. a5. d6. a7. d8. c9. b10. c11. d12. a
13. True 14. True 15. False 16. True 17. False
18. protein 19. ligament 20. mineral 21. salts 22. Osteocytes 23. spongy 24. ossification 25. immovable
26. They secrete collagen, which mineralizes to become bone matrix.
27. Compact bone is very hard and strong, spongy bone is porous, and therefore lighter and less dense than compact bone, bone marrow is a soft connective tissue, and periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane.
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21.3 The Muscular System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Each muscle fiber is a
a. very long, thin cell. b. very short, thin cell. c. very long, thick cell. d. very short, thick cell.
2. How many types of muscle tissues are there?
a. two b. three c. four d. five
3. Smooth muscle is found in the
a. heart.
b. stomach. c. upper leg. d. middle ear.
4. Skeletal muscle is attached to
a. other muscles. b. the heart.
c. bone.
d. the intestines.
5. Skeletal muscle fibers are wrapped in
a. fat.
b. bone.
c. connective tissue. d. none of the above.
6. Skeletal muscles need a rich blood supply to provide them with
a. nutrients and oxygen. b. carbon dioxide.
c. water.
d. nutrients only.
7. Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria, which produce what for energy? a. oxygen
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b. glucose
c. carbon dioxide d. ATP
8. The biceps and triceps muscles work in opposition to bend and extend
a. the leg at the knee. b. the arm at the elbow. c. the neck.
d. the ankle.
9. Each myofibril is made up of how many types of protein filaments?
a. one b. two c. three d. four
10. Actin filaments are anchored to structures called
a. W lines. b. X lines. c. Y lines. d. Z lines.
11. The strength of the muscular force is determined by
a. the number of fibers that contract.
b. the thickness of the fibers that contract. c. the weight that the muscle bears.
d. none of the above.
12. Let’s say you decide to raise your hand in class. What’s the first thing your body does?
a. Motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers in your arm and shoulder.
b. Muscles in your arm and shoulder contract.
c. Your arm rises.
d. Your brain sends electrical messages to nerve cells in your arm and shoulder.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Muscles are organs composed mainly of muscle fibers.
_______ 14. Muscles appear striated, or striped, because their cells are arranged in sheets.
_______ 15. Involuntary contractions mean they are not under conscious control.
_______ 16. Contractions of skeletal muscle are involuntary.
_______ 17. There are well over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary like those of __________________ muscle.
19. When cardiac muscle produces energy, this helps the heart resist ___________________.
20. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called __________________. 21. Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a __________________.
22. In exercises such as weight lifting, skeletal muscle contracts against a __________________ force.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 21. Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin Assessments 23. In exercises such as running, the cardiac muscle contracts ___________________ and the heart pumps more
blood.
24. Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called _________________.
25. Within a sarcomere, myosin filaments overlap the ________________ filaments.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Give an example of how when smooth muscle in an organ contracts, it helps the organ carry out its function.
27. What is the benefit to muscles of continued exercise?
Answer Key
1. a2. b3. b4. c5. c6. a7. d8. b9. b10. d11. a12. d
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. smooth 19. fatigue 20. tendons 21. joint 22. resisting 23. faster 24. myofibrils 25. actin
26. When smooth muscle in the stomach contracts, it squeezes the food inside the stomach, which helps break the food into smaller pieces.
27. Continued exercise is necessary to maintain bigger, stronger muscles.
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21.4 The Integumentary System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The average square inch (6.5 cm2) of skin has how many sweat glands?
a. 350 b. 450 c. 550 d. 650
2. The skin has how many pigment-producing cells?
a. 20,000 b. 40,000 c. 60,000 d. 80,000
3. How many layers does the skin have?
a. two b. three c. four d. five
4. Exposure to UV light stimulates the skin to produce which vitamin?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
5. What color is the melanin pigment?
a. yellow b. brown c. red
d. orange
6. Melanin in the skin blocks
a. water.
b. incandescent light. c. UV light.
d. oxygen.
7. The dermis contains which of the following? a. blood vessels
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b. nerve endings c. hair follicles
d. all of the above
8. Acne affects approximately what percent of teens?
a. 30 b. 55 c. 75 d. 85
9. The underlying cause of acne is excessive secretion of
a. melanin. b. sebum. c. sweat. d. keratin.
10. Skin cancers
a. are generally asymmetrical. b. have irregular borders.
c. may be very dark in color. d. all of the above
11. The main component of hair is
a. keratin.
b. hemoglobin. c. myoglobin. d. insulin.
12. Which of the following are functions of hair?
a. prevents dust particles from reaching the lungs b. prevents heat loss from the body
c. provides sensory input
d. all of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The average square inch (6.5 cm2) of skin has 20 blood vessels. _______ 14. The innermost cells of the epidermis are continuously dividing. _______ 15. Melanocytes of people with darker skin produce less melanin. _______ 16. Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum. _______ 17. Melanin in the skin allows UV light in.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. There are no nerve endings or blood vessels in the ___________________.
19. The amount of melanin produced is determined by ________________ and exposure to UV light. 20. Sebum is secreted into hair ___________________.
21. Sweat glands have ducts that pass through the ____________________.
22. One of the skin’s main functions is to prevent water __________________ from the body.
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24. Acne is a condition in which red bumps called pimples form on the skin due to a(n) ___________________- infection.
25. Skin cancer is caused mainly by excessive exposure to __________________ light.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. How do fingernails prevent injury?
27. How does hair help shed water?
Answer Key
1. d2. c3. a4. d5. b6. c7. d8. d9. b10. d11. a12. d
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. epidermis 19. heredity 20. follicles 21. epidermis 22. loss 23. dilate (or widen) 24. bacterial 25. UV 26. By forming protective plates over the ends of the fingers.
27. With overlapping cells.
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21.5 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin
Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which type of human tissue lines the digestive tract and absorbs nutrients?
a. connective b. epithelial c. muscle
d. nervous
2. Which body system transports oxygen to cells?
a. endocrine b. lymphatic c. respiratory d. circulatory
3. The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called
a. ossification. b. specialization. c. homeostasis. d. organization.
4. Functions of the skeletal system include
a. producing blood cells.
b. storing minerals.
c. protecting internal organs. d. all of the above.
5. The type of bone tissue that covers and protects the outer surfaces of bone is
a. compact bone. b. spongy bone. c. bone marrow. d. periosteum.
6. The most common type of joint in the human body is
a. an immovable joint.
b. a partly movable joint. c. a synovial joint.
d. none of the above.
7. The only type of human cell that can contract is a(n) a. neuron.
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b. muscle fiber. c. osteocyte.
d. neutrophil.
8. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
a. in the heart
b. in the stomach
c. attached to bones d. all of the above
9. The sliding filament theory explains how
a. muscles contract. b. bones grow wider. c. skin cells multiply. d. hairs shed water.
10. The stratum corneum is tough and waterproof because its cells are filled with
a. melanin. b. sebum. c. collagen. d. keratin.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Connective tissues include skin, hair, and nails.
_______ 12. Osteocytes regulate mineral homeostasis.
_______ 13. Blood cells are produced in the heart.
_______ 14. An example of a hinge joint is the shoulder.
_______ 15. Lack of calcium in children causes osteoarthritis.
_______ 16. Striated muscles include smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
_______ 17. A muscle fiber shortens when myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together. _______ 18. Most skin structures originate in the epidermis.
_______ 19. Melanin helps to protect skin from UV light.
_______ 20. The main component of hair and nails is keratin.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The dense connective tissue that protects bones at joints is ____________.
22. A(n) ____________ is a band of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together.
23. Cells that make new bone cells and take up minerals from the blood are ____________.
24. Cells that dissolve minerals in bone matrix and release them back into the blood are ____________. 25. The place where two or more bones of the skeleton meet is a(n) ____________.
26. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called ____________. 27. The ____________ is the name given to the outer layer of skin.
28. The brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color is _____________.
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29. The lower layer of the skin is known as the ____________.
30. Glands in the skin that produce sebum are ____________ glands. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Distinguish between different types of joints and how they move.
32. Explain how skeletal muscles move bones.
33. Describe the skin and its functions.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. c4. d5. d6. c7. b8. b9. a10. d
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true 18. false 19. true 20. true
21. cartilage 22. ligament 23. osteoblasts 24. osteoclasts 25. joint 26. tendons 27. epidermis 28. melanin 29. dermis 30. sebaceous
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31. Joints may be immovable and allow no movement, partly movable and allow only limited movement, or movable and move in a variety of different ways. Movable joints include ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder, which have the greatest range of motion, allowing movement in several directions. Other movable joints, including hinge joints, such as the knee, allow less movement.
32. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Most are attached to the ends of bones near joints. The muscles span the joints and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. Muscles can only contract. They cannot actively extend, or lengthen. Therefore, to move bones in opposite directions, pairs of muscles must work in opposition. For example, the biceps and triceps muscles of the upper arm work in opposition to bend and extend the arm at the elbow.
33. The skin is the body’s largest organ. It consists of two layers. The outer layer, called the epidermis, consists of epithelial cells and little else. The surface of the epidermis is covered with dead, keratin-filled cells that provide a protective, waterproof covering. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the brown pigment that blocks UV light from damaging the lower layer of skin, called the dermis. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. Hair helps keep the body warm, and nerves allow the skin to feel heat, cold, pain, and other sensations. Sweat released by the sweat glands helps cool the body when it is overheated. The blood vessels in the skin contract or expand to regulate blood flow to the body surface, which is another way the skin helps control body temperature.
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22The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Assessments
Chapter Outline
CHAPTER
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22.1 The Nervous System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Parts of a neuron include
a. the axon.
b. the cell body.
c. the dendrites. d. all of the above.
2. Which of the following statements best describes an action potential?
a. a sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the membrane of a resting neuron b. a difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a neuron
c. a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells
d. the structural and functional units of the electrical impulse
3. Which of the following can carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain?
a. interneurons
b. motor neurons c. sensory neurons d. all of the above
4. Which process maintains the resting potential in a neuron?
a. simple diffusion
b. passive transport involving channel proteins
c. active transport involving the sodium-potassium pump d. endocytosis and exocytosis
5. The role of the axon is to
a. receive nerve impulses from other neurons.
b. transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
c. ravel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the other cell. d. receive chemical signals from other cells.
6. Which statement is true concerning the resting potential?
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Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
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19. The ____________ is the largest part of the brain.
20. The somatic nervous system controls mainly activities that are under ____________ control.
21. A ____________ is any chemical that affects the body’s structure or function.
22. A nerve is a cable-like bundle of ____________.
23. The ____________ division of the PNS includes several sense organs.
24. The ear is the organ that senses sound ____________ and allows us to hear.
25. The ____________ division of the PNS carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
26. A ____________ is a very rapid motor response.
27. A sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the membrane of a resting neuron is an ____________ potential. 28. The ____________ is the control center of the nervous system.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
29. Explain how nerve impulses are transmitted.
30. Identify and describe the role of the three types of neurons.
Answer Key
1. d2. a3. c4. c5. b6. d7. d8. a9. c10. b11. c12. a 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. central 19. cerebrum 20. conscious 21. drug 22. axons 23. sensory 24. waves 25.motor 26. reflex 27. action 28. brain
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29. 30.
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22.2. TheEndocrineSystem
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22.2 The Endocrine System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
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Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The hypothalamus acts as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. _______ 12. Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete sex hormones. _______ 13. Hormones must bind to their target receptor to function.
_______ 14. Steroid hormones cannot enter the cell.
_______ 15. Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids, so they are proteins.
_______ 16. The gonads secrete sex hormones, which control the production of gametes.
_______ 17. Endocrine hormones can affect many cells and have body-wide effects.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. A ____________ cell is the type of cell on which a hormone has an effect.
19. When a hormone binds to its ____________, it causes a change within the cell.
20. ____________ hormones can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind with receptors in the cytoplasm.
21. The steroid hormone and receptor form a complex that moves into the ____________ and influences the expression of genes.
22. Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to ____________ its own production. 23. Type 2 diabetes is an example of a ____________ resistance disorder.
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25. Non-steroid hormones activate molecules called ____________ messengers, which influences processes inside the cell.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Explain how hormones work by binding to receptors of target cells.
27. Describe a negative feedback mechanism that regulates hormones.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. a4. b5. c6. b7. b8. a9. d10. c
11. true 12. false 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. target 19. receptor 20. Steroid 21. nucleus 22. decrease 23. hormone 24. positive 25. second 26.
27.
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22.3 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The structural and functional units of the nervous system are
a. nerves. b. axons. c. neurons. d. reflexes.
2. Nerve cells that carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the central nervous system are called
a. tissue neurons. b. organ neurons. c. sensory neurons. d. motor neurons.
3. The place where an axon terminal meets another cell is known as a
a. neurotransmitter. b. dendrite.
c. sensory receptor. d. synapse.
4. The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the
a. brain and spinal divisions.
b. sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. c. autonomic and somatic divisions.
d. sensory and motor divisions.
5. The lobe of the cerebrum that is associated with sight is the
a. frontal lobe. b. parietal lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. temporal lobe.
6. The auditory nerve carries impulses from hair cells in the cochlea to the
a. eyes.
b. brain.
c. skin.
d. eardrum.
7. Which statement about psychoactive drugs is true? a. All psychoactive drugs are illegal.
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b. All psychoactive drugs are stimulants.
c. An examples of a psychoactive drug is alcohol.
d. Use of psychoactive drugs always leads to addiction.
8. The “master gland” of endocrine system is the
a. thyroid gland. b. adrenal gland. c. pituitary gland. d. hypothalamus.
9. Steroid hormones
a. are made of amino acids.
b. bind to receptors on cell membranes. c. activate second messengers.
d. include sex hormones.
10. Type 1 diabetes is caused by
a. hyposecretion of insulin. b. hypersecretion of glucose. c. insulin resistance.
d. glucose resistance.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Motor neurons carry impulses from muscles to the brain.
_______ 12. The inside of a resting neuron is negatively charged.
_______ 13. The parasympathetic division of the ANS controls emergency responses.
_______ 14. The spinal cord controls basic life processes such as breathing.
_______ 15. Body movements are coordinated by the cerebellum.
_______ 16. A nerve is a cable-like bundle of axons.
_______ 17. The pupil of the eye focuses light on the retina.
_______ 18. The ears are responsible for the sense of balance.
_______ 19. The hormone oxytocin is secreted by the pituitary gland.
_______ 20. Most endocrine glands are controlled by positive feedback.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus is known as the ____________.
22. A(n) ____________ of a neuron receives nerve impulses from other nerve cells.
23. An outer lipid layer called a(n) ____________ insulates the axon of many neurons.
24. Nerves that carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons are known as ____________. 25. A reversal of charge across the membrane of a resting neuron is called a(n) ____________. 26. The largest part of the human brain is the ____________.
27. The lowest part of the human brain is the ____________.
28. A messenger molecule of the endocrine system is known as a(n) ____________.
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29. The ____________ gland secretes the hormone melatonin.
30. Glands in males and females that secrete sex hormones are called ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Identify the parts of the central nervous system and their functions.
32. Explain how sensory stimuli are perceived and interpreted.
33. Describe how negative feedback regulates hormone secretion.
Answer Key
1. c2. c3. d4. d5. c6. b7. c8. c9. d10. a
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false 18. true 19. false 20. false
21. cell body 22. dendrite 23. myelin sheath 24. interneurons 25. action potential 26. cerebrum 27. brain stem 28. hormone 29. pineal 30. gonads (or testes and ovaries)
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31. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the entire nervous system. It controls mental processes such as reasoning and language as well as basic physical processes such as breathing and heartbeat. It also interprets information from the senses. The spinal cord extends from the brain down the center of the back to the pelvis through the vertebral column. It passes messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
32. Sense organs such as the eyes and ears have sensory receptors. The receptors respond to sensory stimuli by sending nerve impulses via sensory nerves to the brain. The brain then interprets the nerve impulses to form a response.
33. Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme. For example, when the level of thyroid hormones becomes too high, the hormones feed back to stop the hypothalamus from secreting TRH and the pituitary from secreting TSH. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. As a result, the level of thyroid hormones starts to fall. When the levels fall too low, the opposite sequence of events occurs, and the output of thyroid hormones increases again.
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CHAPTER
23
The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory
Systems Assessments
Chapter Outline
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23.1 The Circulatory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
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Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and the body. _______ 14. There are two major types of blood vessels: arteries and veins.
_______ 15. Arteries are muscular blood vessels that bring blood to the heart. _______ 16. Blood is a connective tissue.
_______ 17. The trillions of white blood cells in blood plasma carry oxygen.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. 19. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside ____________.
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20. Capillaries are the smallest type of ____________ vessels.
21. ____________ blood cells defend the body.
22. The ____________ exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure. 23. Pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the ____________. 24. Coronary ____________ disease is the leading cause of death of adults in the U.S.
25. The main components of the circulatory system are the ____________, blood vessels, and blood.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Compare different types of blood vessels and their roles.
27. Describe the three types of cells in the blood.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. b4. a5. d6. c7. b8. d9. b10. d11. d12. c
13. false 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. Veins 19. arteries 20. blood 21. White 22. force 23. heart and lungs 24. heart 25. heart 26.
27.
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23.2 The Respiratory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which statement best describes the respiratory system?
a. gas exchange.
b. breathing.
c. circulating oxygen throughout the body. d. all of the above.
3. The relationship between respiration and cellular respiration is that
a. respiration supplies the carbon dioxide used in cellular respiration. b. respiration supplies the oxygen used in cellular respiration.
c. cellular respiration supplies the oxygen used in respiration.
d. cellular respiration supplies the carbon dioxide used in respiration.
4. The main muscle(s) involved in breathing is (are)
a. the lungs.
b. the diaphragm.
c. the chest muscles. d. all of the above.
5. The correct order of the steps of respiration is
a. gas transport - pulmonary gas exchange - ventilation - peripheral gas exchange. b. ventilation - peripheral gas exchange - gas transport - pulmonary gas exchange. c. ventilation - pulmonary gas exchange - gas transport - peripheral gas exchange. d. pulmonary gas exchange - ventilation - peripheral gas exchange - gas transport.
6. Pulmonary gas exchange take place in your
a. mouth and nose.
b. lungs.
c. blood.
d. capillaries and body cells.
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a. a disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow.
b. a disease in which the air passages of the pharynx and larynx periodically become too narrow. c. a disease in which the air passages of the alveoli periodically become too narrow.
d. all of the above.
8. Alveoli
a. are tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
b. carry oxygen in the blood.
c. are small passages in the lungs that end in bronchioles.
d. is large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs that controls breathing.
9. The flow of air from your nose proceeds as follows:
a. larynx - pharynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs. b. pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs. c. pharynx - larynx - bronchi - trachea - lungs. d. larynx - pharynx - bronchi - trachea - lungs.
10. How does gas exchange help maintain homeostasis?
a. It provides cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration.
b. It provides cells with the oxygen they need for respiration.
c. It provides cells with the carbon dioxide they need for cellular respiration. d. It provides cells with the carbon dioxide they need for respiration.
11. Emphysema
a. is a disease in which walls of the alveoli break down. b. is usually caused by smoking and is irreversible.
c. causes shortness of breath.
d. all of the above
12. Which statement is true about the bronchi?
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The main role of the respiratory system is gas exchange.
_______ 14. Inhaling is an active movement that results from the contraction of the diaphragm. _______ 15. Asthma is a disease in which the air passages of the lungs become too wide. _______ 16. The larynx is a long tube that is shared with the digestive system.
_______ 17. The lungs are the organs in which gas exchange takes place between blood and air. Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The exchange of gases between the body and the outside air is called ____________.
19. ____________ enters the respiratory system through the nose.
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20. From the pharynx, air next passes through the ____________.
21. Tiny hairs called ____________ line the bronchi.
22. When the diaphragm contracts, the ____________ expands.
23. Emphysema is usually caused by ____________ and is irreversible.
24. Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the ____________ of the lungs.
25. Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define respiration, and explain how it differs from cellular respiration.
27. Describe the role of gas exchange in homeostasis.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. b4. b5. c6. b7. a8. a9. b10. a11. d12. a
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. respiration 19. Air 20. larynx 21. cilia 22. ribcage 23. smoking 24. alveoli 25. blood 26.
27.
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23.3 The Digestive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The digestive system provides ____________ for cellular respiration.
a. oxygen b. glucose c. ATP
d. proteins
2. The gastrointestinal tract
a. is a long tube that connects the mouth with the anus.
b. includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. c. is about 30 feet long in adults.
d. all of the above
3. The digestive system has three main functions, including
a. the digestion of food.
b. the elimination of nutrients.
c. the absorption of solid food waste. d. all of the above.
4. In the mouth,
a. acids kill bacteria and other pathogens found in food.
b. chemical digestion breaks down chunks of food into smaller pieces.
c. amylase starts digesting carbohydrates by breaking down starch into sugar. d. all of the above
5. Foods flows through the GI tract in the following order:
a. mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine. b. mouth - stomach - esophagus - small intestine - large intestine. c. mouth - stomach - esophagus - large intestine - small intestine. d. mouth - esophagus - stomach - large intestine - small intestine.
6. In the stomach,
a. food is ground into smaller pieces.
b. amylase digests carbohydrates and lipase digests lipids.
c. most nutrients from food are absorbed into the blood.
d. food is further digested both mechanically and chemically.
7. Digestive enzymes include
a. lipase, which digests lipids.
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b. amylase and maltase, which digest carbohydrates. c. trypsin and peptidase, which digest proteins.
d. all of the above.
8. Bile is made by the liver. The main role of bile is
a. to break up fats into smaller globules.
b. to help digest proteins and carbohydrates. c. to use acid to kill bacteria.
d. none of the above.
9. Functions of the trillions of bacteria in your GI tract include
a. breaking down minerals before they can poison the body. b. producing vitamins, such as carbohydrates and lipids.
c. breaking down indigestible food components.
d. all of the above.
10. Macronutrients include
a. vitamins and minerals.
b. carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. c. calcium, potassium, and water.
d. all of the above.
11. MyPyramid suggests that you
a. eat green and yellow vegetables.
b. eat ice cream every day.
c. consume whole fruits and juices.
d. include red meat, fish, and beans in your meals.
12. An eating disorder is an illness in which people
a. cannot digest their food properly.
b. cannot absorb nutrients in the small intestine.
c. feel compelled to eat in a way that causes harm.
d. produce too much stomach acid, leading to extreme discomfort.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The GI tract is one long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
_______ 14. Mechanical digestion is the chemical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. _______ 15. The stomach is full of hydrochloric acid, which kills bacteria in food.
_______ 16. Lipase digests lipids and peptidase digests proteins.
_______ 17. MyPyramid tells you that you need to eat ice cream and potato chips daily.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ is a simple sugar that comes from the food we eat.
19. Trillions of ____________ normally live in the large intestine.
20. ____________ the body needs in relatively large amounts are called macronutrients.
21. ____________ shows the relative amounts of foods in different food groups you should eat each day. 22. Any unused energy in ____________ is stored in the body as fat.
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23. Nutrients include ____________ and minerals.
24. Dietary proteins are broken down to provide the ____________ needed for protein synthesis. 25. Carbohydrates include ____________, starches, and fiber.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Explain how digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
27. Explain how to use MyPyramid.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. a4. c5. a6. d7. d8. a9. c10. b11. a12. c
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false
18. Glucose 19. bacteria 20. Nutrients 21. MyPyramid 22. food 23. vitamins 24. amino acids 25. sugars 26.
27.
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23.4 The Excretory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Excretion can best be defined as the process of
a. removing solid wastes from the blood.
b. removing wastes and excess water from the body. c. removing excess wastes from the blood.
d. removing excess wastes from the body.
2. The main organ of excretion is the
a. liver.
b. gastrointestinal tract. c. kidney.
d. large intestine.
3. Excretion includes which of the following processes?
a. exhaling water vapor and carbon dioxide b. sweating away excess water and salts
c. eliminating solid wastes
d. all of the above
4. The main function of the urinary system is to
a. filter excess waste products and water from the blood and excrete them from the body. b. filter waste products and excess water from the blood and excrete them from the body. c. filter waste products and excess water from the body and excrete them from the blood. d. filter excess waste products and water and excrete them from the blood.
5. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the
a. nephron.
b. Bowman’s capsule.
c. glomerulus.
d. renal artery and tubule.
6. Blood enters the kidney through the
a. renal venule.
b. renal tubule.
c. renal artery.
d. collecting duct.
7. Urine follows which of the following pathways?
a. collecting ducts of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
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b. collecting ducts of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra. c. bladder, collecting ducts of the kidneys, ureters, urethra. d. collecting ducts of the kidneys, urethra, bladder, ureters.
8. Blood enters which part of the nephron first?
a. Bowman’s capsule b. the glomerulus
c. a collecting duct d. the renal tubule
9. The kidneys produce how much urine each day?
a. about 5 liters
b. about 1.5 gallons c. about 1.5 liters d. about 1.5 pints
10. Kidney failure
a. occurs when the kidneys have difficulty filtering blood. b. can only be cured with a transplant.
c. can be treated with blood dialysis.
d. all of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The skin is considered an excretory organ.
_______ 12. The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood. _______ 13. Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. _______ 14. The function of the kidney is to filter urine and form blood.
_______ 15. Kidney stones are little crystals that can be extremely painful.
_______ 16. Blood enters the kidney through the renal vein.
_______ 17. The structural and functional unit of the nephron is the kidney.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The function of the ____________ is to filter blood and form urine.
19. Nephrons are the ____________ and ____________ units of the kidneys.
20. Parts of the kidney include ____________ capsule.
21. Parts of the kidney include the ____________ tubule of the nephron.
22. Kidney failure results when the kidneys can no longer ____________ blood.
23. The bladder is a hollow ____________ that stores urine.
24. ____________ leaves the body through the process of urination.
25. Dialysis is a medical procedure in which ____________ is filtered through a machine. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe the roles of the kidneys in homeostasis.
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27. Define excretion, and identify the main organs of the excretory system.
Answer Key
1. b2. c3. d4. b5. a6. c7. a8. b9. c10. d
11. true 12. true 13. true 14. false 15. true 16. false 17. false
18. kidney 19. structural, functional 20. Bowman’s 21. renal 22. filter 23. organ 24. Urine 25. blood 26.
27.
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23.5 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems
Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Blood from the body enters the heart’s
a. right atrium. b. right ventricle. c. left atrium.
d. left ventricle.
2. Electrical impulses that stimulate heart contractions come from
a. the cerebrum.
b. the brain stem.
c. nerves in the spinal cord. d. specialized cardiac cells.
3. Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the
a. heart and body. b. body and lungs. c. lungs and heart. d. heart and head.
4. The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called
a. gas exchange. b. gas transport. c. ventilation.
d. respiration.
5. What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
a. The volume of the chest decreases.
b. The ribcage expands.
c. The contents of the abdomen move upward. d. Air rushes out of the lungs.
6. Organs of the gastrointestinal tract include
a. the pancreas.
b. the gall bladder. c. the stomach.
d. all of the above.
7. Chemical digestion begins in the a. small intestine.
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b. stomach. c. esophagus. d. mouth.
8. Which of the following are micronutrients?
a. minerals
b. proteins
c. lipids
d. carbohydrates
9. Obesity occurs when the body mass index is at least
a. 10 kg/m2. b. 15 kg/m2. c. 20 kg/m2. d. 30 kg/m2.
10. Organs of excretion include
a. the liver.
b. the lungs.
c. the large intestine. d. all of the above.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The heart consists mainly of muscle.
_______ 12. Blood pressure is highest in veins.
_______ 13. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries.
_______ 14. Platelets are blood cells that fight infections.
_______ 15. Peripheral gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
_______ 16. Food travels from the mouth to the stomach because of gravity.
_______ 17. Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the stomach.
_______ 18. For good health, you should never eat lipids.
_______ 19. The kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system.
_______ 20. Nephrons carry urine out of the body.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
27. The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces is referred to as ___________ digestion.
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28. The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections named ____________.
29. Solid waste that leaves the large intestine is known as ____________.
30. ____________ are organic compounds needed in small amounts for the body to function properly. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Compare and contrast different types of blood vessels and their functions.
32. Describe the role of gas exchange in homeostasis.
33. Explain how digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. c4. c5. b6. c7. d8. a9. d10. d
11. true 12. false 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. false 18. false 19. true 20. false
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30. Vitamins
31. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls that can withstand the pressure of blood being pumped by the heart. Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. This blood is no longer under much pressure, so many veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood. Veins generally carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessels. They connect very small arteries and veins. The exchange of gases and other substances between cells and the blood takes place across the extremely thin walls of capillaries.
32. Gas exchange is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration. It is also needed to carry away carbon dioxide waste. Some of the carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves to form carbonic acid, which keeps blood pH within a normal range.
33. Most chemical digestion takes place in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Many digestive enzymes are active here, including enzymes produced by the duodenum and enzymes produced by the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum. Bile from the liver is also secreted into the duodenum. Bile breaks up lipid globules and reduces acidity so intestinal enzymes can work. Most nutrients are absorbed into the blood in the jejunum, which is the second part of the small intestine. The mucous membrane lining the jejunum is covered with millions of villi, which contain many capillaries. Nutrients pass from the villi into the bloodstream across the thin walls of the capillaries.
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Chapter Outline
CHAPTER
The Immune System and Disease Assessments
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24.1 Nonspecific Defenses Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The body’s most important barrier to pathogens is
a. the mucous membranes. b. the immune response. c. the skin.
d. the white blood cells.
2. Which statement is correct concerning mucous membranes?
a. Mucous membranes have cilia that sweep mucus and pathogens toward body openings. b. Mucous membranes provide a biological barrier at body openings.
c. The skin is the most important mucous membrane of the body.
d. all of the above
3. Chemical barriers include
a. sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva. b. urine and semen.
c. stomach acid.
d. all of the above.
4. The second line of defense
a. is nonspecific and attacks most pathogens that enter the body.
b. includes chemical barriers that destroy pathogens on the outer body surface. c. includes the bacteria that live in the GI tract.
d. is tailored to a particular pathogen.
5. The inflammatory response
a. is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines.
b. involves white blood cells fighting pathogens at the site of injury or infection. c. is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection.
d. all of the above
6. Leukocytes
a. are involved in the first line of defense.
b. are red blood cells.
c. fight infections and get rid of debris.
d. are living organisms that help protect the body.
7. Which statement best describes nonspecific defenses?
a. Nonspecific defenses are performed by the trillions of red blood cells in the body.
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b. Phagocytosis, where leukocytes engulf and break down pathogens and debris, is a nonspecific defense. c. Mucous membranes are the most important nonspecific defenses the body has.
d. The nonspecific defense used by the body depends on what type of pathogen is involved.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Biological barriers include millions of harmless bacteria live on the human skin. _______ 12. The second line of defense attacks pathogens that manage to enter the body. _______ 13. Chemical barriers are living organisms that help protect the body.
_______ 14. Mucous membranes provide a mechanical barrier at body openings.
_______ 15. The skin is the most important biological barrier. _______ 16. An example of a nonspecific defense is phagocytosis. _______ 17. Leukocytes are red blood cells.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ are disease-causing agents.
19. Mucous membranes secrete ____________, a slimy substance that traps pathogens.
20. Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from ____________ the body.
21. The ____________ response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines.
22. A cut becoming red, warm, and ____________ are signs of an inflammatory response.
23. Millions of harmless bacteria live on the human skin are considered ____________ barriers. 24. Sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva all contain ____________ that kill pathogens.
25. Leukocytes fight ____________ and get rid of debris.
Short Answer
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26. What is a nonspecific defense?
27. Identify three types of barriers in the body’s first line of defense. Give an example of each type of barrier.
Answer Key
1. c2. a3. d4. a5. d6. c7. b8. b9. d10. c
11. true 12. true 13. false 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. Pathogens 19. mucus 20. entering 21. inflammatory 22. swollen 23. biological 24. enzymes 25. infections 26.
27.
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24.2 The Immune Response Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The third line of defense is
a. the immune response.
b. the immune system.
c. the humoral immune response. d. active immunity.
2. The lymphatic system
a. produces leukocytes called lymphocytes.
b. is a major part of the immune system.
c. recognizes and destroys particular pathogens in body fluids and cells. d. all of the above
3. Organs of the lymphatic system include
a. bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and thyroid. b. bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and tonsils. c. bone, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.
d. bone marrow, thyroid, spleen, and tonsils.
4. There are ____________ major types of lymphocytes, called ____________.
a. three; B cells, L cells, and T cells. b. two; B cells and L cells.
c. two; B cells and T cells.
d. two; L cells and T cells.
5. Antibodies are
a. large, X-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.
b. large, Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.
c. large, Y-shaped antigens that recognize and bind to specific proteins. d. large, Y-shaped antigens that recognize and bind to specific pathogens.
6. Memory cells
a. help launch a rapid response against a pathogen if it invades the body again in the future. b. are long-living plasma cells.
c. can be both B and T cells.
d. all of the above
7. The cell-mediated immune response a. involves mainly B cells.
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b. includes helper, cytotoxic, plasma, and regulatory T cells.
c. leads to the destruction of cells that are infected with viruses. d. destroys cells infected by bacteria.
8. Helper T cells
a. are like the “managers” of the immune response.
b. can remain as memory cells, in case they are needed in the future.
c. secrete cytokines, which activate or control the activities of other lymphocytes. d. all of the above
9. Cytotoxic T cells
a. release toxins that form pores in the nucleus of virus infected cells.
b. release toxins that form pores in the membrane of virus infected cells. c. serve as memory cells to be used in a future infection.
d. can destroy both virus and bacteria infected cells.
10. Active immunity results from
a. antibodies that are transferred to a person who has never been exposed to the pathogen. b. having memory cells produced from a previous infection.
c. the long-term survival of cytotoxic T cells in the body.
d. the injection of antibodies.
11. The humoral immune response begins with
a. the activation of B cells by a specific antigen.
b. the activation of T cells by a specific antigen.
c. the activation of a helper T cells by a specific antigen. d. any of the above.
12. The human body has as many as ____________ lymphocytes.
a. two million b. two billion c. two trillion d. 200 trillion
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The third line of defense is referred to as the immune response.
_______ 14. There are three major types of lymphocytes, B cells, L cells and T cells.
_______ 15. Antigens trigger the immune system to react against the cells that carry them.
_______ 16. B cells must be activated by an antigen before they can fight pathogens.
_______ 17. Antigens are large, Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antibodies.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The body’s third line of defense is referred to as the immune ____________.
19. Plasma cells are activated B cells that secrete ____________, which are large, Y-shaped proteins. 20. Long-living plasma cells are called ____________ cells.
21. Cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells and some ____________ cells.
22. ____________ immunity results when an immune response to a pathogen produces memory cells.
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pathogen.
24. ____________ is the deliberate exposure of a person to a pathogen in order to provoke an immune response. 25. ____________ are the key cells in the immune response.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define immunity, and distinguish between active and passive immunity.
27. Describe one way that cytotoxic T cells destroy cells infected with viruses.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. b4. c5. b6. d7. c8. d9. b10. b11. a12. c
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false
18. response 19. antibodies 20. memory 21. cancer 22. Active 23. Passive 24. Immunization 25. Lymphocytes 26.
27.
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24.3 Immune System Diseases Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which statement best describes the relationship between an allergy and an antigen?
a. result in the inability to fight off pathogens.
b. occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as belonging to the person. c. occur when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen.
d. all of the above
4. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks
a. insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. b. myelin sheaths.
c. tissues inside joints.
d. joints, the heart and other organs.
5. In multiple sclerosis, the results of the attack by the immune system include
a. high blood sugar.
b. joint damage and pain. c. joint and organ damage. d. muscle weakness.
6. Immunodeficiency may occur
a. when the immune system is damaged by other disorders.
b. naturally as people get older.
c. when the immune system is suppressed by certain medications. d. all of the above
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Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
www.ck12.org Chapter 24. The Immune System and Disease Assessments 19. Ragweed and ____________ ivy are common causes of allergies.
20. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as _______- _____.
21. ____________ occurs when the immune system is not working properly.
22. Human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that causes ____________.
23. HIV attacks cells of the immune system; specifically it infects and destroys ____________ cells. 24. HIV frequently mutates and changes its surface ____________.
25. AIDS results from years of damage to the ____________ system by HIV.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define immunodeficiency, and list reasons for it.
27. Explain how HIV is transmitted and how it causes AIDS.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. b4. c5. d6. d7. a8. b9. d10. c11. b12. d 13. false 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. allergen 19. poison 20. self (or belonging to the person) 21. Immunodeficiency 22. AIDS 23. helper T 24. antigens 25. immune
26. 27.
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24.4 Environmental Problems and Human Health
Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Examples of carcinogens include
a. viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
b. viruses, UV radiation, and tobacco smoke. c. viruses, UV radiation, and hot dogs.
d. all of the above.
2. Mutations that lead to cancer usually occur in
a. genes that control DNA replication. b. genes that control the cell cycle.
c. genes that control mitosis.
d. genes that control meiosis.
3. Which statement best describes tumor-suppressor genes?
a. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
b. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent damaged DNA from replicating.
c. Tumor-suppressor genes normally help control cell division.
d. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent damaged DNA from controlling cell division.
4. Which statement best describes proto-oncogenes?
a. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent damaged DNA from controlling cell division. b. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent damaged DNA from replicating.
c. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
d. Proto-oncogenes normally help control cell division.
5. The most common cancer among women in the United States is
a. lung cancer.
b. breast cancer. c. skin cancer.
d. prostate cancer.
6. Warning signs of cancer include
a. persistent coughing or hoarseness. b. a lump in the breast or elsewhere. c. a sore that does not heal.
d. all of the above.
7. Almost ____________ people die each year because of air pollution. a. 50,000
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b. 500,000
c. 5,000,000 d. 50,000,000
8. Only AQI values below ____________ are considered safe.
a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 250
9. Indoor air pollution
a. may be even more polluted than outdoor air. b. can contain mold, bacteria, and radon.
c. can include deadly gasses.
d. all of the above
10. Bioterrorism
a. is the release or spread of bacteria.
b. is the release or spread of agents of disease.
c. is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
d. includes the unintentional release or spread of agents of disease.
11. Air pollution
a. can cause skin cancer.
b. is the leading cause of lung cancer.
c. can make asthma and other diseases more severe. d. all of the above
12. More people die of ____________ in the United States than any other type of cancer.
a. skin cancer.
b. breast cancer. c. prostate cancer. d. lung cancer.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Air pollution can cause lung cancer.
_______ 14. A carcinogen is anything that can cause cancer.
_______ 15. Everyone has proto-oncogenes.
_______ 16. More cancer deaths in adult females are due to breast cancer than any other type of cancer. _______ 17. Bioterrorism includes the natural release or spread of agents of disease.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. A carcinogen is anything that can cause ____________.
19. Exposure to ____________ is the leading cause of lung cancer.
20. ____________ genes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
21. Proto-oncogenes normally help control ____________.
22. Almost ____________ people die each year because of air pollution. I
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23. ____________ air may contain harmful substances such as mold, bacteria, and radon. 24. ____________ is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
25. If inhaled, ____________ replaces oxygen in the blood and quickly leads to death. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Identify two causes of air pollution and describe their effects on human health.
27. Describe three types of carcinogens.
Answer Key
1. b2. b3. a4. d5. b6. d7. c8. a9. d10. c11. c12. d 13. true 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. false
18. cancer 19. tobacco smoke 20. Tumor-suppressor 21. cell division 22. 5 million 23. Indoor 24. Bioterrorism 25. carbon monoxide
26. 27.
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24.5 The Immune System and Disease Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Human pathogens include
a. viruses.
b. bacteria.
c. fungi.
d. all of the above.
2. The body’s second line of defense involves
a. mucus.
b. skin.
c. histamines. d. cilia.
3. The tonsils are organs of the
a. muscular system. b. lymphatic system. c. circulatory system. d. skeletal system.
4. Which statement about B cells is false?
a. B cells mature in bone marrow.
b. B cells have receptors for specific antigens. c. Activated B cells produce antibodies.
d. Activated B cells destroy cancer cells.
5. Which cells produce immunity?
a. helper T cells
b. regulatory T cells c. memory T cells d. cytotoxic T cells
6. Autoimmune diseases include
a. allergies.
b. multiple sclerosis. c. HIV/AIDS.
d. measles.
7. HIV disables the immune system by a. destroying helper T cells.
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b. stimulating autoimmunity.
c. becoming carcinogenic.
d. causing opportunistic infections.
8. What is the highest value for the air quality index that is considered “good” in terms of human health?
a. 0
b. 50 c. 100 d. 150
9. Warning signs of cancer include
a. a change in bowel or bladder habits. b. a sore that does not heal.
c. any unusual bleeding or discharge. d. all of the above.
10. Genes that promote the division of cells with damaged DNA are called
a. tumor-suppressor genes. b. proto-oncogenes.
c. oncogenes.
d. carcinogenes.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The body’s single most important defense is the skin. _______ 12. The inflammatory response involves B cells and T cells. _______ 13. Phagocytosis is a specific type of defense.
_______ 14. The lymphatic system includes the thymus and spleen. _______ 15. Lymphocytes recognize and respond to antibodies. _______ 16. The humoral immune response involves mainly T cells. _______ 17. All immunizations confer passive immunity.
_______ 18. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
_______ 19. The chief cause of immunodeficiency in the world today is cancer.
_______ 20. All tumors are cancerous and likely to spread.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The general term for disease-causing agent is ____________.
22. The lymphatic system circulates the fluid called ____________.
23. The lymphatic system produces leukocytes known as ____________.
24. Lymphatic cells that mature in the thymus are called ____________.
25. ____________ are Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens.
26. An antigen that causes an allergy is called a(n) ____________.
27. A(n) ____________ disease occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. 28. The virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is ____________.
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29. The leading cause of skin cancer is ____________.
30. The ____________ is an assessment of air pollution in terms of human health. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. List the steps that occur in a humoral immune response.
32. Explain how allergies occur, and identify common allergens.
33. What are causes of outdoor and indoor air pollution? How does air pollution affect human health?
Answer Key
1. d2. c3. b4. d5. c6. b7. a8. b9. d10. c
11. true 12. false 13. false 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. false 18. true 19. false 20. false
21. pathogen 22. lymph 23. lymphocytes 24. T cells 25. Antibodies 26. allergen 27. autoimmune 28. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 29. UV radiation 30. air quality index (AQI)
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31. In a humoral immune response, a B cell encounters its matching antigen and engulfs it. The B cell then displays fragments of the antigen on its surface. This attracts a helper T cell, which binds to the B cell at the antigen site and releases cytokines that tell the B cell to develop into a plasma cell. As a plasma cell, the activated B cell secretes antibodies that recognize and bind to antigens, forming antigen-antibody complexes. These are destroyed by phagocytosis.
32. Allergies occur when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen, called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested or come into contact with the skin. Two common allergens are ragweed pollen and the oils in poison ivy.
33. Causes of outdoor air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels. Causes of indoor air pollution include mold, bacteria, and radon. Air pollution harms the respiratory and circulatory systems. It is especially harmful for people with asthma, other respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Chapter Outline
25
Chapter 25. Reproduction and Human Development Assessments
Reproduction and Human Development Assessments
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25.1 Male Reproductive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The reproductive system in both males and females consists of
a. reproductive cells.
b. structures that produce reproductive cells. c. structures that secrete sex hormones.
d. all of the above.
2. Gametes
a. are reproductive cells.
b. are haploid cells.
c. combine during fertilization. d. all of the above
3. Male reproductive structures include
a. two testes, the epididymis, and the vas deferens. b. the epididymis, the testes, and testosterone.
c. the epididymis, semen, and the vas deferens.
d. all of the above
4. What determines if male reproductive organs develop.
a. The absence of a second X chromosome.
b. The presence of a Y chromosome.
c. The presence of one X and one Y chromosome. d. The presence of two X chromosomes.
5. In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about
a. age 12 and complete it at about age 16. b. age 12 and complete it at about age 18. c. age 10 and complete it at about age 18. d. age 10 and complete it at about age 16.
6. Which statement is true concerning spermatogenesis?
a. Sperm are produced in the epididymis of the testes and become mature in the seminiferous tubules. b. Spermatogenesis takes about 9 to 10 days to complete.
c. Spermatogonia are haploid, sperm-producing cells.
d. Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes,
7. Which is the correct sequence of events surrounding puberty? 368
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a. the tail, the head, and the middle region.
b. the tail, the mitochondrial segment, and the acrosome.
c. the acrosome, the head, the tail, and the middle region.
d. the head, the acrosome, and the region that connects these two segments.
9. Which statement is true?
a. The epididymis is a coiled tube about 6 meters long lying atop the testis inside the scrotum. b. The epididymis is a coiled tube about 6 feet long lying atop the testis inside the scrotum.
c. Each testis contains about 30 feet of seminiferous tubules.
d. Each testis contains about 3 feet of seminiferous tubules.
10. How many sperm are released with each ejaculation?
a. hundreds
b. thousands
c. millions
d. hundreds of millions
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. A sexually mature male produces hundreds of sperm each day.
_______ 12. The part of the sperm called the acrosome produces enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an egg.
_______ 13. Sex proteins are chemical messengers that control sexual development and reproduction.
_______ 14. Sperm are stored in the epididymis.
_______ 15. In the first several weeks after fertilization, males and females are essentially the same except for their chromosomes.
_______ 16. In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about age 9 and complete it at about age 18. _______ 17. A mature male produces hundreds of millions of sperm each day.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The male reproductive system consists of structures that secrete the male sex hormone ____________. 19. Each testis contains more than ____________ meters of seminiferous tubules.
20. In terms of X and Y chromosomes, females have ____________ chromosomes, and males have ___________- _ chromosomes.
21. To begin puberty, the main pituitary hormone involved is ____________ hormone. 22. The process of producing mature sperm is called ____________.
23. ____________ is the fluid that carries sperm out of the body.
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24. Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo ____________ to form primary spermatocytes. 25. Hundreds of ____________ of sperm are released with each ejaculation.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe a sperm cell. How does each structure contribute to the sperm’s function?
27. Incorporating mitosis and meiosis, describe how sperm are produced.
Answer Key
1. d2. d3. a4. b5. c6. d7. a8. b9. a10. d
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. testosterone 19. 30 20. XX, XY 21. luteinizing 22. spermatogenesis 23. Semen 24. mitosis 25. millions 26.
27.
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25.2 Female Reproductive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Functions of the female reproductive system include
a. delivering a baby during birth.
b. supporting the development of a fetus. c. breast feeding a baby after birth.
d. all of the above.
2. Before birth,
a. FSH starts egg production.
b. a female produces all the eggs she will ever make. c. LH stimulates the ovaries to store the eggs.
d. all of the above
3. Puberty in girls starts when the pituitary gland releases two hormones,
a. estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone.
b. luteinizing hormone and estrogen-stimulating hormone. c. luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. d. luteinizing-stimulating hormone and follicle hormone.
4. Which statement is correct?
a. Menarche is the beginning of menstruation.
b. Menstruation is the beginning of menarche.
c. Menarche begins around age 12 in girls and 14 in boys. d. Menarche is when females begin to produce eggs.
5. The process of producing eggs in the ovary is called
a. meiosis.
b. ovulation.
c. menstruation. d. oogenesis.
6. During egg production, the primary oocyte
a. starts to go through the first cell division of mitosis. b. starts to go through the first cell division of meiosis. c. completes meiosis and produces a haploid egg.
d. completes mitosis and produces a haploid egg.
7. The correct sequence of events in the ovary is
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a. the endometrium of the uterus is shed from the body. b. the endometrium of the vagina is shed from the body. c. the oocyte explodes from the ovary.
d. the corpus letuem begins to produce another egg.
9. The corpus letuem
a. is the remains of the ovary after ovulation.
b. is the remains of the follicle after ovulation.
c. is the remains of the oocyte after ovulation.
d. s the remains of the oocyte after menstruation.
10. If fertilization is to take place, it will occur
a. in the uterus.
b. in the vagina.
c. in a fallopian tube. d. in an ovary.
11. Menopause
a. is a period during which a menstrual cycles slow down and eventually stop. b. usually occurs by the early fifties.
c. occurs and women can no longer reproduce naturally.
d. all of the above
12. Fertilization can occur
a. only a few days after menstruation.
b. only a few days after ovulation.
c. only a few days before or after ovulation. d. any time during the monthly cycle.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The female reproductive system has several other functions including breast-feeding a baby after birth. _______ 14. Cells in the egg protect the follicle and help it mature.
_______ 15. Girls begin puberty at an average age of 10 years and complete puberty at about 18.
_______ 16. Menstruation is the beginning of menarche, or monthly periods.
_______ 17. At birth, a girl has all the eggs she will ever produce.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
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19. Beginning in puberty, each month one of the ____________ and its primary oocyte starts to mature. 20. After ____________ days of the monthly cycle, ovulation occurs.
21. Menstruation is the process in which the endometrium of the ____________ is shed from the body. 22. If fertilization is to occur, it will take place in the ____________.
23. ____________ is the primary female sex hormone.
24. Females lack a ____________ chromosome.
25. For most women, menstrual cycles continue until their mid- to late ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe how eggs are produced.
27. Outline the phases of the menstrual cycle.
Answer Key
1. d2. b3. c4. a5. d6b. 7. c8. a9. b10. c11. d12. b
13. true 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. oogenesis 19. follicles 20. 12-14 21. uterus 22. fallopian tube 23. Estrogen 24. Y 25. forties 26.
27.
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25.3 From Fertilization to Old Age Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. When a sperm penetrates an egg,
a. the egg begins to complete meiosis.
b. the sperm’s tail falls off, and its nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the egg. c. a zygote forms.
d. all of the above
2. During cleavage,
a. many cell divisions occur starting from the original zygote.
b. the developing organisms significantly grows in cell number and size. c. the blastocyst and then the morula form.
d. many cell divisions occur starting from the morula.
3. The blastocyst imbeds in the uterus usually ____________ days after fertilization.
a. 3,4,or5
b. 3 or 4
c. 4 or 5
d. between 3 and 6
4. Which is the correct order of events?
a. cleavage - formation of the blastocyst - formation of the morula - implantation b. implantation - formation of the morula - formation of the blastocyst - cleavage c. cleavage - formation of the morula - formation of the blastocyst - implantation d. implantation - formation of the blastocyst - formation of the morula - cleava
5. The ectoderm layer develops into
a. skin cells and neurons of the brain. b. muscle cells and blood cells.
c. lung cells.
d. skin cells and blood cells.
6. How does a single cell develop into many different types of cells?
a. Through specialization, the process of cell differentiation.
b. Through differentiation, the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. c. Through differentiation, the process by which tissues and organs are made.
d. Through specialization, the process of cells becoming tissues.
7. Which organ or structure forms first? a. blood
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b. the lungs
c. the heart
d. fingers and toes
8. During pregnancy, nutrients that are especially important include
a. folic acid, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. b. folic acid, potassium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. c. folic acid, calcium, iron, and fatty acids.
d. vitamin C, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids.
9. During adolescence, individuals
a. usually try to be more independent from their parents. b. have mood swings because of surging hormones.
c. develop the ability to think abstractly.
d. all of the above
10. Why do we decline in various ways as we age?
a. Because the cell cycle occurs faster.
b. Because cells stop dividing and die.
c. Because mitosis and cytokinesis take much longer than normal. d. all of the above
11. The blastocyst is
a. the ball of cells that forms after implantation.
b. a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity that forms a few days after fertilization. c. the inner cell mass of cells that forms the embryo.
d. the initial ball of cells that develops from the zygote.
12. The placenta
a. mixes the mother’s and fetus’s blood to exchange substances.
b. allows the fetus to move freely.
c. is an enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus.
d. is made up of a large mass of blood vessels from both the mother and fetus.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Fertilization can only occur after ovulation.
_______ 14. A zygote is the cell that results after fertilization.
_______ 15. A morula forms from the blastocyst.
_______ 16. After implantation occurs, the blastocyst is called a fetus.
_______ 17. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ is the first year of life after birth.
19. ____________ is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. 20. In the zygote, half the ____________ come from the egg and half from the sperm.
21. The blastocyst reaches the uterus about ____________ days after fertilization.
22. Implantation is the process of embedding the blastocyst in the lining of the ____________.
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23. The three distinct cell layers of the embryo are the ____________, mesoderm, and endoderm. 24. The heart begins to beat about ____________ weeks after fertilization.
25. Birth typically occurs at about ____________ weeks after fertilization.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe the first 5 days of development.
27. Most organs develop in the embryo during weeks 4 through 8. If the embryo is exposed to toxins during this period, the effects are likely to be very damaging. Why do you think this happens?
Answer Key
1. d2. a3. c4. c5. a6. b7. c8. a9. d10. b11. b12. d
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. Infancy 19. Adolescence 20. chromosomes 21. 4 (or 5) 22. uterus 23. ectoderm 24. four 25. 38 26.
27.
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25.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
7. Hepatitis B can be a very serious disease. The virus can
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a. cause small, open sores on the genitals.
b. damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer. c. cause extremely painful urination.
d. all of the above.
8. The human papillomavirus can cause
a. genital herpes.
b. cancer of the uterus in females. c. cancer of the cervix in females. d. cancer of the testis in males.
9. Treatments for STIs include
a. antibiotics for genital herpes.
b. antibiotics for genital warts.
c. vaccination for cancer of the cervix. d. all of the above.
10. The most likely population to get chlamydia is
a. 20 - 24 year old males. b. 20 - 24 year old females. c. 15 - 19 year old males. d. 25 - 29 year old females.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. STIs become more common the older a person gets.
_______ 12. The human papilloma virus can cause cancer of the cervix in females.
_______ 13. Worldwide, a million people a day become infected with STIs.
_______ 14. Pubic lice suck the blood of their host.
_______ 15. Gonorrhea is the most common STI in the U.S.
_______ 16. More females get chlamydia then males.
_______ 17. Syphilis can be deadly if left untreated.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Most of the people with STAs are under the age of ____________.
19. Most of the pathogens that cause STIs enter the body through ____________ of the reproductive organs.
20. The only completely effective way to prevent infection with STIs is to avoid ____________ and other risky behaviors.
21. ____________ is the most common STI in the United States.
22. Bacterial STIs can be cured with ____________.
23. Genital herpes is an STI caused by a ____________ virus.
24. ____________ may eventually damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer, which is usually fatal. 25. There is a vaccine for young women that can prevent infection with ____________.
Short Answer
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26. Explain what causes STIs and how they can be prevented.
27. Identify and describe two common viral STIs.
Answer Key
1. b2. c3. a4. d5. b6. a7. b8. c9. c10. b
11. false 12. true 13. true 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. 25 19. mucous membranes 20. sexual contact 21. Chlamydia 22. antibiotics 23. herpes 24. Hepatitis B 25. HPV
26. 27.
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25.5 Reproduction and Human Development Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The human organs that produce sperm are the
a. epididymes.
b. testes.
c. seminal vesicles. d. ejaculatory ducts.
2. The main pituitary hormone that triggers puberty in boys is
a. LH.
b. FSH.
c. testosterone.
d. growth hormone.
3. What is the function of the acrosome of a mature sperm cell?
a. secreting enzymes
b. helping the sperm swim c. providing energy
d. containing DNA
4. A fetus grows and develops until birth in the
a. vagina.
b. Fallopian tube. c. ovary.
d. uterus.
5. Eggs form in human females
a. at puberty.
b. in adulthood.
c. during childhood. d. before birth.
6. The process of shedding the endometrium is known as
a. ejaculation.
b. differentiation. c. menstruation. d. ovulation.
7. At which stage do the three germ layers form in the human organism? a. morula
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b. blastocyst c. embryo d. fetus
8. Which statement about the placenta is false?
a. It contains fetal tissues.
b. It contains maternal tissues.
c. It consists of a large mass of blood vessels. d. It allows maternal and fetal blood to mix.
9. A sexually transmitted infection caused by a protozoan is
a. pubic lice.
b. gonorrhea.
c. syphilis.
d. trichomoniasis.
10. Which sexually transmitted organism may cause cervical cancer?
a. HIV
b. HPV
c. hepatitis B
d. genital herpes
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Sperm mature in the prostate gland.
_______ 12. The ovaries secrete estrogen.
_______ 13. Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the vagina.
_______ 14. An embryo develops into a male unless it is exposed to estrogen.
_______ 15. Ovulation occurs on the first day of the menstrual cycle.
_______ 16. Fertilization normally occurs in the uterus.
_______ 17. The blastocyst consists of two cell layers.
_______ 18. Most organs develop during the embryonic stage.
_______ 19. Adolescence is the period of most rapid growth after birth.
_______ 20. The most common STI in the U.S. is chlamydia.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The fluid that carries sperm out of the body is __________.
22. The period in which humans become sexually mature is called __________.
23. The __________ is the female reproductive organ that receives sperm during sexual intercourse.
24. The beginning of monthly periods in females is termed __________.
25. The process of producing eggs is referred to as __________.
26. The period in middle adulthood when menstrual cycles slow down and eventually stop is known as __________. 27. A human organism from 8 weeks after fertilization until birth is called a(n) __________.
28. The __________ is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects a fetus.
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29. The first year of life after birth is referred to as __________.
30. __________ is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Describe how sperm are produced.
32. Give an overview of the menstrual cycle.
33. Explain why aging occurs.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. a4. d5. d6. c7. c8. d9. d10. b
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true 18. true 19. false 20. true
21. semen 22. puberty 23. vagina 24. menarche 25. oogenesis 26. menopause 27. fetus 28. amniotic sac 29. infancy 30. Adolescence
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31. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The tubules are lined with spermatogonia, which are diploid sperm-producing cells. Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes, which are also diploid. Primary spermatocytes, in turn, undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes, which are haploid. Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis to form spermatids. After spermatids form, they move into the epididymis to mature into sperm by growing a tail and losing excess cytoplasm from the head.
32. The menstrual cycle begins with menstruation, when the endometrium is shed from the uterus. This lasts about 5 days. After menstruation, the endometrium begins to build up again. At the same time a follicle starts maturing in an ovary. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the cycle. After it occurs, the endometrium continues to build up in preparation for a fertilized egg. What happens next depends on whether the egg is fertilized. If the egg is fertilized, the endometrium will be maintained and help nourish the egg. If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium will break down and be shed, beginning a new menstrual cycle.
33. Aging occurs because cells stop dividing and die. There are at least two reasons why cells stop dividing. One reason is that cells are programmed to divide only a set number of times. The other reason is that mutations accumulate in DNA and cells with damaged DNA are not allowed to divide.
Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Cartilage is an example of which of the following tissues? a. connective tissue b. epithelial tissue c. muscle tissue d. none of the above
2.The lymphatic system removes which of the following from tissues? a. excess gases b. excess fluids c. excess solids d. none of the above
3.The next highest level after the cell is the a. atom. b. organ. c. tissue. d. organism.
4.Which of the following systems transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to cells and carries away wastes? a. respiratory b. circulatory c. endocrine d. nervous
5.A low level of water in the blood triggers retention of water by the a. gall bladder. b. liver. c. pancreas. d. kidneys.
6.Which of the following systems produces gametes? a. circulatory b. reproductive c. muscular d. skeletal
7. What provides muscle cells with the energy they need to move the body?
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a. DNA b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. cell membrane
8.All of the organs and organ systems of the human body work well together because they are closely regulated by which of the following systems? a. lymphatic and nervous b. endocrine and muscular c. nervous and endocrine d. circulatory and lymphatic
9.A high concentration of what in the blood triggers faster breathing? a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. water d. carbon monoxide
10. Which system secretes hormones that regulate other organs and organ systems? a. muscular b. nervous c. respiratory d. endocrine
11. A high concentration of what in the blood triggers secretion of insulin? a. salt b. sugar c. oxygen d. water
12. Insulin is secreted by an endocrine gland called the a. thyroid. b. pineal body. c. pancreas. d. gall bladder.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Keeping a stable internal environment does not require constant adjustments. _______ 14. Muscles attached to bones enable the body to move.
_______ 15. An organ is a structure that consists of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job.
_______ 16. The lining of the digestive tract is an example of connective tissue. _______ 17. The human body consists of three tissue types. Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The largest organ of the human body is the ________________. 19. At each higher level of organization, there is a greater degree of _______________. 20. Nerve cells have long projections that help them carry _______________ messages to other cells.
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21. A tissue is a group of connected cells that have a similar _______________.
22. Muscle tissue is made up of cells that have the unique ability to _______________.
23. The muscular system ________________ the body and allows it to move.
24. The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called ______________- ____.
25. Functioning together, the organ systems keep _______________, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels to support life processes.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Give an example of how the respiratory system helps the body maintain homeostasis.
27. What happens if homeostasis fails?
Answer Key
To Be Posted
Answer Key
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. b
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. d
11. b
12. c
13. False 14. True 15. True 16. False 17. False
18. skin 19. complexity 20. electrical 21. function 22. contract 23. supports 24. homeostasis 25. temperature
26. In the respiratory system, if there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, then faster breathing is triggered. The lungs exhale more frequently, which removes carbon dioxide from the body more quickly.
27. If homeostasis fails, cells may not get everything they need, or toxic wastes may accumulate in the body. If homeostasis is not restored, the imbalance may lead to disease or even death.
21.2 The Skeletal System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. What type of tissue does cartilage consist of?
a. muscle tissue
b. dense connective tissue c. endocrine tissue
d. loose epithelial tissue
2. Which of the following is a function of the skeleton?
a. protecting internal organs
b. providing attachment surfaces for muscles c. producing blood cells
d. all of the above
3. Bone matrix consists of tough fibers made of
a. carbohydrate.
b. fat.
c. protein.
d. none of the above.
4. The bone matrix fibers become hard and rigid due to mineralization with what kind of crystals?
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. none of the above
5. Osteoblasts secrete
a. calcium. b. water.
c. hormones. d. collagen.
6. Which of the following makes up the dense outer layer of bone?
a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
7. Which of the following covers and protects the outer surfaces of bone? a. compact bone
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b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
8. Which of the following produces blood cells?
a. compact bone b. spongy bone c. bone marrow d. periosteum
9. The ribs and sternum are connected by
a. immovable joints.
b. partly moveable joints. c. movable joints.
d. none of the above.
10. The shoulder is an example of which type of joint?
a. partly moveable b. hinge
c. ball-and-socket d. pivot
11. Bone problems include
a. fractures.
b. osteoarthritis. c. rickets.
d. all of the above.
12. Fractures heal when which of the following forms new bone?
a. osteoclasts
b. osteoblasts
c. osteocytes
d. none of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. One of the functions of the skeleton is to produce blood cells.
_______ 14. There are three types of specialized cells in human bones.
_______ 15. Periosteum is soft connective tissue.
_______ 16. The surfaces of bones at joints are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage. _______ 17. Rickets is a condition in which cartilage breaks down in joints.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Cartilage is made of tough ____________________ fibers.
19. A _________________ is a band of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together and keeps them in place. 20. The skeleton maintains ________________ homeostasis.
21. When mineral levels in the blood are too high, bones absorb some of the minerals and store them as mineral ___________________.
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22. __________________ regulate mineral homeostasis.
23. Bone marrow is found inside the pores of ________________ bone.
24. During the development of a human fetus, the relatively soft cartilage gradually turns into hard bone through ___________________.
25. The bones of the skull are connected by ________________ joints.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. How do osteoblasts produce bone matrix?
27. How do the four types of bone tissues differ physically from each other?
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. c4. a5. d6. a7. d8. c9. b10. c11. d12. a
13. True 14. True 15. False 16. True 17. False
18. protein 19. ligament 20. mineral 21. salts 22. Osteocytes 23. spongy 24. ossification 25. immovable
26. They secrete collagen, which mineralizes to become bone matrix.
27. Compact bone is very hard and strong, spongy bone is porous, and therefore lighter and less dense than compact bone, bone marrow is a soft connective tissue, and periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane.
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21.3 The Muscular System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Each muscle fiber is a
a. very long, thin cell. b. very short, thin cell. c. very long, thick cell. d. very short, thick cell.
2. How many types of muscle tissues are there?
a. two b. three c. four d. five
3. Smooth muscle is found in the
a. heart.
b. stomach. c. upper leg. d. middle ear.
4. Skeletal muscle is attached to
a. other muscles. b. the heart.
c. bone.
d. the intestines.
5. Skeletal muscle fibers are wrapped in
a. fat.
b. bone.
c. connective tissue. d. none of the above.
6. Skeletal muscles need a rich blood supply to provide them with
a. nutrients and oxygen. b. carbon dioxide.
c. water.
d. nutrients only.
7. Cardiac muscle contains a great many mitochondria, which produce what for energy? a. oxygen
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b. glucose
c. carbon dioxide d. ATP
8. The biceps and triceps muscles work in opposition to bend and extend
a. the leg at the knee. b. the arm at the elbow. c. the neck.
d. the ankle.
9. Each myofibril is made up of how many types of protein filaments?
a. one b. two c. three d. four
10. Actin filaments are anchored to structures called
a. W lines. b. X lines. c. Y lines. d. Z lines.
11. The strength of the muscular force is determined by
a. the number of fibers that contract.
b. the thickness of the fibers that contract. c. the weight that the muscle bears.
d. none of the above.
12. Let’s say you decide to raise your hand in class. What’s the first thing your body does?
a. Motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers in your arm and shoulder.
b. Muscles in your arm and shoulder contract.
c. Your arm rises.
d. Your brain sends electrical messages to nerve cells in your arm and shoulder.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Muscles are organs composed mainly of muscle fibers.
_______ 14. Muscles appear striated, or striped, because their cells are arranged in sheets.
_______ 15. Involuntary contractions mean they are not under conscious control.
_______ 16. Contractions of skeletal muscle are involuntary.
_______ 17. There are well over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Contractions of cardiac muscle are involuntary like those of __________________ muscle.
19. When cardiac muscle produces energy, this helps the heart resist ___________________.
20. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called __________________. 21. Many skeletal muscles are attached to the ends of bones that meet at a __________________.
22. In exercises such as weight lifting, skeletal muscle contracts against a __________________ force.
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blood.
24. Each muscle fiber contains hundreds of organelles called _________________.
25. Within a sarcomere, myosin filaments overlap the ________________ filaments.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Give an example of how when smooth muscle in an organ contracts, it helps the organ carry out its function.
27. What is the benefit to muscles of continued exercise?
Answer Key
1. a2. b3. b4. c5. c6. a7. d8. b9. b10. d11. a12. d
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. smooth 19. fatigue 20. tendons 21. joint 22. resisting 23. faster 24. myofibrils 25. actin
26. When smooth muscle in the stomach contracts, it squeezes the food inside the stomach, which helps break the food into smaller pieces.
27. Continued exercise is necessary to maintain bigger, stronger muscles.
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21.4 The Integumentary System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The average square inch (6.5 cm2) of skin has how many sweat glands?
a. 350 b. 450 c. 550 d. 650
2. The skin has how many pigment-producing cells?
a. 20,000 b. 40,000 c. 60,000 d. 80,000
3. How many layers does the skin have?
a. two b. three c. four d. five
4. Exposure to UV light stimulates the skin to produce which vitamin?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
5. What color is the melanin pigment?
a. yellow b. brown c. red
d. orange
6. Melanin in the skin blocks
a. water.
b. incandescent light. c. UV light.
d. oxygen.
7. The dermis contains which of the following? a. blood vessels
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b. nerve endings c. hair follicles
d. all of the above
8. Acne affects approximately what percent of teens?
a. 30 b. 55 c. 75 d. 85
9. The underlying cause of acne is excessive secretion of
a. melanin. b. sebum. c. sweat. d. keratin.
10. Skin cancers
a. are generally asymmetrical. b. have irregular borders.
c. may be very dark in color. d. all of the above
11. The main component of hair is
a. keratin.
b. hemoglobin. c. myoglobin. d. insulin.
12. Which of the following are functions of hair?
a. prevents dust particles from reaching the lungs b. prevents heat loss from the body
c. provides sensory input
d. all of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The average square inch (6.5 cm2) of skin has 20 blood vessels. _______ 14. The innermost cells of the epidermis are continuously dividing. _______ 15. Melanocytes of people with darker skin produce less melanin. _______ 16. Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance called sebum. _______ 17. Melanin in the skin allows UV light in.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. There are no nerve endings or blood vessels in the ___________________.
19. The amount of melanin produced is determined by ________________ and exposure to UV light. 20. Sebum is secreted into hair ___________________.
21. Sweat glands have ducts that pass through the ____________________.
22. One of the skin’s main functions is to prevent water __________________ from the body.
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24. Acne is a condition in which red bumps called pimples form on the skin due to a(n) ___________________- infection.
25. Skin cancer is caused mainly by excessive exposure to __________________ light.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. How do fingernails prevent injury?
27. How does hair help shed water?
Answer Key
1. d2. c3. a4. d5. b6. c7. d8. d9. b10. d11. a12. d
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. epidermis 19. heredity 20. follicles 21. epidermis 22. loss 23. dilate (or widen) 24. bacterial 25. UV 26. By forming protective plates over the ends of the fingers.
27. With overlapping cells.
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21.5 Introduction to the Human Body: Bones, Muscles, and Skin
Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which type of human tissue lines the digestive tract and absorbs nutrients?
a. connective b. epithelial c. muscle
d. nervous
2. Which body system transports oxygen to cells?
a. endocrine b. lymphatic c. respiratory d. circulatory
3. The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called
a. ossification. b. specialization. c. homeostasis. d. organization.
4. Functions of the skeletal system include
a. producing blood cells.
b. storing minerals.
c. protecting internal organs. d. all of the above.
5. The type of bone tissue that covers and protects the outer surfaces of bone is
a. compact bone. b. spongy bone. c. bone marrow. d. periosteum.
6. The most common type of joint in the human body is
a. an immovable joint.
b. a partly movable joint. c. a synovial joint.
d. none of the above.
7. The only type of human cell that can contract is a(n) a. neuron.
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b. muscle fiber. c. osteocyte.
d. neutrophil.
8. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
a. in the heart
b. in the stomach
c. attached to bones d. all of the above
9. The sliding filament theory explains how
a. muscles contract. b. bones grow wider. c. skin cells multiply. d. hairs shed water.
10. The stratum corneum is tough and waterproof because its cells are filled with
a. melanin. b. sebum. c. collagen. d. keratin.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Connective tissues include skin, hair, and nails.
_______ 12. Osteocytes regulate mineral homeostasis.
_______ 13. Blood cells are produced in the heart.
_______ 14. An example of a hinge joint is the shoulder.
_______ 15. Lack of calcium in children causes osteoarthritis.
_______ 16. Striated muscles include smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
_______ 17. A muscle fiber shortens when myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together. _______ 18. Most skin structures originate in the epidermis.
_______ 19. Melanin helps to protect skin from UV light.
_______ 20. The main component of hair and nails is keratin.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The dense connective tissue that protects bones at joints is ____________.
22. A(n) ____________ is a band of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together.
23. Cells that make new bone cells and take up minerals from the blood are ____________.
24. Cells that dissolve minerals in bone matrix and release them back into the blood are ____________. 25. The place where two or more bones of the skeleton meet is a(n) ____________.
26. Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton by tough connective tissues called ____________. 27. The ____________ is the name given to the outer layer of skin.
28. The brownish pigment that gives skin much of its color is _____________.
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29. The lower layer of the skin is known as the ____________.
30. Glands in the skin that produce sebum are ____________ glands. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Distinguish between different types of joints and how they move.
32. Explain how skeletal muscles move bones.
33. Describe the skin and its functions.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. c4. d5. d6. c7. b8. b9. a10. d
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true 18. false 19. true 20. true
21. cartilage 22. ligament 23. osteoblasts 24. osteoclasts 25. joint 26. tendons 27. epidermis 28. melanin 29. dermis 30. sebaceous
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31. Joints may be immovable and allow no movement, partly movable and allow only limited movement, or movable and move in a variety of different ways. Movable joints include ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder, which have the greatest range of motion, allowing movement in several directions. Other movable joints, including hinge joints, such as the knee, allow less movement.
32. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Most are attached to the ends of bones near joints. The muscles span the joints and connect the bones. When the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing them to move. Muscles can only contract. They cannot actively extend, or lengthen. Therefore, to move bones in opposite directions, pairs of muscles must work in opposition. For example, the biceps and triceps muscles of the upper arm work in opposition to bend and extend the arm at the elbow.
33. The skin is the body’s largest organ. It consists of two layers. The outer layer, called the epidermis, consists of epithelial cells and little else. The surface of the epidermis is covered with dead, keratin-filled cells that provide a protective, waterproof covering. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the brown pigment that blocks UV light from damaging the lower layer of skin, called the dermis. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. Hair helps keep the body warm, and nerves allow the skin to feel heat, cold, pain, and other sensations. Sweat released by the sweat glands helps cool the body when it is overheated. The blood vessels in the skin contract or expand to regulate blood flow to the body surface, which is another way the skin helps control body temperature.
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22The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Assessments
Chapter Outline
- 22.1 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 22.2 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- 22.3 THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER
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22.1 The Nervous System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Parts of a neuron include
a. the axon.
b. the cell body.
c. the dendrites. d. all of the above.
2. Which of the following statements best describes an action potential?
a. a sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the membrane of a resting neuron b. a difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a neuron
c. a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells
d. the structural and functional units of the electrical impulse
3. Which of the following can carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain?
a. interneurons
b. motor neurons c. sensory neurons d. all of the above
4. Which process maintains the resting potential in a neuron?
a. simple diffusion
b. passive transport involving channel proteins
c. active transport involving the sodium-potassium pump d. endocytosis and exocytosis
5. The role of the axon is to
a. receive nerve impulses from other neurons.
b. transmit nerve impulses to other cells.
c. ravel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the other cell. d. receive chemical signals from other cells.
6. Which statement is true concerning the resting potential?
- The resting potential is the difference in charge across the membrane when the neuron is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse.
- The resting potential is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.
- Atrest,theinsideoftheneuronisnegativelycharged,whilethefluidsurroundingtheneuronispositively
charged.
- all of the above
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- The motor division of the peripheral nervous system
a. controls mainly voluntary activities that are under conscious control. b. involuntary activities not under conscious control.
c. carries impulses that cause glands to secrete hormones.
d. all of the above
- Psychoactive drugs
a. generally influence the transmission of nerve impulses. b. cause neurons to degenerate.
c. cause abnormal brain functions.
d. may cause paralysis and other disabilities.
- The somatic nervous system
a. consists of all the nervous tissue that lies outside the central nervous system. b. consists of nerves connected to glands and internal organs.
c. is made up of nerves that are connected to skeletal muscles.
d. carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.
- To initiate an action potential,
a. potassium ions rush into the cell.
b. sodium ions rush into the cell.
c. sodium ions are pumped into the cell.
d. potassium ions are pumped out of the cell.
- Which statement is true concerning the brain? (1) The brain contains about 100 million neurons. (2) The brain is the most complex organ of the human body. (3) The brain is the control center of the nervous system. (4) The brain interprets information from the senses. (5) The brain controls breathing and heartbeat.
a. 1and2
b. 2,3,and4
c. 2,3,4,and5
d. All 5 statements are correct.
- A junction where an axon terminal meets another cell is known as
a. the synapse.
b. the neurotransmitter junction. c. the axon terminal junction.
d. the axon-dendrite junction.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
- _______ 13. An action potential is necessary for a nerve impulse to occur.
- _______ 14. The somatic nervous system controls mainly involuntary activities.
- _______ 15. The synapse releases neurotransmitters, which cross the axon terminal and bind to receptors on the next cell.
- _______ 16. Your sense of smell contributes to your sense of taste.
- _______ 17. Coke contains a psychoactive drug.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The brain and spinal cord make up the ____________ nervous system.
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19. The ____________ is the largest part of the brain.
20. The somatic nervous system controls mainly activities that are under ____________ control.
21. A ____________ is any chemical that affects the body’s structure or function.
22. A nerve is a cable-like bundle of ____________.
23. The ____________ division of the PNS includes several sense organs.
24. The ear is the organ that senses sound ____________ and allows us to hear.
25. The ____________ division of the PNS carries nerve impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands
26. A ____________ is a very rapid motor response.
27. A sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the membrane of a resting neuron is an ____________ potential. 28. The ____________ is the control center of the nervous system.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
29. Explain how nerve impulses are transmitted.
30. Identify and describe the role of the three types of neurons.
Answer Key
1. d2. a3. c4. c5. b6. d7. d8. a9. c10. b11. c12. a 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. central 19. cerebrum 20. conscious 21. drug 22. axons 23. sensory 24. waves 25.motor 26. reflex 27. action 28. brain
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29. 30.
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22.2 The Endocrine System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
- The endocrine system releases
a. electrical messages that travel through neurons. b. hormones that travel through the bloodstream. c. proteins that alter gene regulation.
d. all of the above.
- Glands of the endocrine system include
a. the pineal gland. b. the adrenal glands. c. the pancreas.
d. all of the above.
- Hormone resistance occurs when
a. target cells do not respond to a hormone. b. hormones do not reach their target cells. c. hormones are made incorrectly.
d. all of the above
- Which of the following describes positive feedback? (1) It occurs when a product feeds back to increase its own production. (2) It occurs in milk production by a mother for her baby. (3) It occurs in the thyroid gland. (4) It occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production.
a. 1 only
b. 1and2
c. 3and4
d. 1,2,and3
- The pituitary gland
a. is a large gland in the neck.
b. secretes many hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone. c. is often called the master gland of the endocrine system. d. all of the above
- The gonads
a. secrete follicle-stimulating hormone, which stimulates the ovaries to develop mature eggs. b. include the testes and ovaries, which secrete the sex hormones.
c. are part of the endocrine system, the reproductive system, and the urinary system.
d. all of the above
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- Which of the following are true concerning steroid hormones? (1) They include cortisol and sex hormones. (2) They can directly influence the expression of genes. (3) They bind their receptors in the cell membrane. (4) They include the thyroid hormones.
a. 1 only
b. 1and2
c. 3and4
d. 1,2,and3
- A target cell
a. is affected by a particular hormone because it has receptor proteins for that hormone. b. travels through the blood until it binds to its hormone.
c. produces specific types of hormones.
d. binds its receptor and causes a change in the hormone.
- The hypothalamus
a. acts as a link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
b. releases hormones that travel to the pituitary gland, where they stay until they are needed. c. is actually part of the brain.
d. all of the above
- Non-steroid hormones
a. binds its receptor in the cell membrane and then diffuses into the cell. b. binds to DNA and influences gene expression.
c. works through a second messenger inside the cell.
d. include the sex hormones.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The hypothalamus acts as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. _______ 12. Thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete sex hormones. _______ 13. Hormones must bind to their target receptor to function.
_______ 14. Steroid hormones cannot enter the cell.
_______ 15. Non-steroid hormones are made of amino acids, so they are proteins.
_______ 16. The gonads secrete sex hormones, which control the production of gametes.
_______ 17. Endocrine hormones can affect many cells and have body-wide effects.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. A ____________ cell is the type of cell on which a hormone has an effect.
19. When a hormone binds to its ____________, it causes a change within the cell.
20. ____________ hormones can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind with receptors in the cytoplasm.
21. The steroid hormone and receptor form a complex that moves into the ____________ and influences the expression of genes.
22. Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to ____________ its own production. 23. Type 2 diabetes is an example of a ____________ resistance disorder.
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25. Non-steroid hormones activate molecules called ____________ messengers, which influences processes inside the cell.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Explain how hormones work by binding to receptors of target cells.
27. Describe a negative feedback mechanism that regulates hormones.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. a4. b5. c6. b7. b8. a9. d10. c
11. true 12. false 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. target 19. receptor 20. Steroid 21. nucleus 22. decrease 23. hormone 24. positive 25. second 26.
27.
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22.3 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The structural and functional units of the nervous system are
a. nerves. b. axons. c. neurons. d. reflexes.
2. Nerve cells that carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the central nervous system are called
a. tissue neurons. b. organ neurons. c. sensory neurons. d. motor neurons.
3. The place where an axon terminal meets another cell is known as a
a. neurotransmitter. b. dendrite.
c. sensory receptor. d. synapse.
4. The two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the
a. brain and spinal divisions.
b. sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. c. autonomic and somatic divisions.
d. sensory and motor divisions.
5. The lobe of the cerebrum that is associated with sight is the
a. frontal lobe. b. parietal lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. temporal lobe.
6. The auditory nerve carries impulses from hair cells in the cochlea to the
a. eyes.
b. brain.
c. skin.
d. eardrum.
7. Which statement about psychoactive drugs is true? a. All psychoactive drugs are illegal.
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b. All psychoactive drugs are stimulants.
c. An examples of a psychoactive drug is alcohol.
d. Use of psychoactive drugs always leads to addiction.
8. The “master gland” of endocrine system is the
a. thyroid gland. b. adrenal gland. c. pituitary gland. d. hypothalamus.
9. Steroid hormones
a. are made of amino acids.
b. bind to receptors on cell membranes. c. activate second messengers.
d. include sex hormones.
10. Type 1 diabetes is caused by
a. hyposecretion of insulin. b. hypersecretion of glucose. c. insulin resistance.
d. glucose resistance.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Motor neurons carry impulses from muscles to the brain.
_______ 12. The inside of a resting neuron is negatively charged.
_______ 13. The parasympathetic division of the ANS controls emergency responses.
_______ 14. The spinal cord controls basic life processes such as breathing.
_______ 15. Body movements are coordinated by the cerebellum.
_______ 16. A nerve is a cable-like bundle of axons.
_______ 17. The pupil of the eye focuses light on the retina.
_______ 18. The ears are responsible for the sense of balance.
_______ 19. The hormone oxytocin is secreted by the pituitary gland.
_______ 20. Most endocrine glands are controlled by positive feedback.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus is known as the ____________.
22. A(n) ____________ of a neuron receives nerve impulses from other nerve cells.
23. An outer lipid layer called a(n) ____________ insulates the axon of many neurons.
24. Nerves that carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons are known as ____________. 25. A reversal of charge across the membrane of a resting neuron is called a(n) ____________. 26. The largest part of the human brain is the ____________.
27. The lowest part of the human brain is the ____________.
28. A messenger molecule of the endocrine system is known as a(n) ____________.
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29. The ____________ gland secretes the hormone melatonin.
30. Glands in males and females that secrete sex hormones are called ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Identify the parts of the central nervous system and their functions.
32. Explain how sensory stimuli are perceived and interpreted.
33. Describe how negative feedback regulates hormone secretion.
Answer Key
1. c2. c3. d4. d5. c6. b7. c8. c9. d10. a
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false 18. true 19. false 20. false
21. cell body 22. dendrite 23. myelin sheath 24. interneurons 25. action potential 26. cerebrum 27. brain stem 28. hormone 29. pineal 30. gonads (or testes and ovaries)
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31. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the control center of the entire nervous system. It controls mental processes such as reasoning and language as well as basic physical processes such as breathing and heartbeat. It also interprets information from the senses. The spinal cord extends from the brain down the center of the back to the pelvis through the vertebral column. It passes messages from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body.
32. Sense organs such as the eyes and ears have sensory receptors. The receptors respond to sensory stimuli by sending nerve impulses via sensory nerves to the brain. The brain then interprets the nerve impulses to form a response.
33. Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production. This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme. For example, when the level of thyroid hormones becomes too high, the hormones feed back to stop the hypothalamus from secreting TRH and the pituitary from secreting TSH. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. As a result, the level of thyroid hormones starts to fall. When the levels fall too low, the opposite sequence of events occurs, and the output of thyroid hormones increases again.
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www.ck12.org Chapter 23. The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems Assessments
CHAPTER
23
The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory
Systems Assessments
Chapter Outline
- 23.1 THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- 23.2 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- 23.3 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- 23.4 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
- 23.5 THE CIRCULATORY, RESPIRATORY, DIGESTIVE, AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS
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23.1 The Circulatory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
- Which statement best describes the circulatory system?
a. The circulatory system is like a highway system, moving materials around the body. b. The circulatory system is like a factory, making materials needed by the body.
c. The circulatory system is like a garbage truck, removing waste from the body.
d. all of the above
- Materials carried by the circulatory system include
a. proteins, oxygen, cellular wastes, and nutrients from digested food. b. carbon dioxide, oxygen, particles of food, and water.
c. proteins, hormones, waste, and nutrients.
d. hormones, oxygen, cellular wastes, and nutrients from digested food.
- The main components of the circulatory system are
a. the heart, red blood cells, and white blood cells. b. the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
c. the heart, the veins, and arteries.
d. the heart, blood vessels, blood, and oxygen.
- The flow of blood through the heart is from the
a. right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the body. b. left atrium to the left ventricle to the lungs to the right atrium to the right ventricle to the body. c. left atrium to the left ventricle to the body to the right atrium to the right ventricle to the lungs. d. right atrium to the right ventricle to the body to the left atrium to the left ventricle to the lungs.
- The major blood vessels include which of the following? (1) capillaries, (2) veins, (3) arteries.
a. 2and3
b. 1and3
c. 1and2
d. 1,2,and3
- Which is true concerning the pulmonary circulation? (1) It takes deoxygenated blood out of the heart, (2) it brings oxygenated blood back to the heart, (3) it carries blood between the heart and lungs, (4) it carries blood between the heart and body.
a. 1and2
b. 1and3
c. 1,2,and3 d. 1,2,and4
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- Which is true concerning the systemic circulation? 1) It takes deoxygenated blood out of the heart, (2) it brings oxygenated blood back to the heart, (3) it carries blood between the heart and lungs, (4) it carries blood between the heart and body.
a. 3 only
b. 4 only
c. 1,2,and3 d. 1,2,and4
- Atherosclerosis
a. is the buildup of plaque inside arteries. b. can result from smoking.
c. can lead to a heart attack.
d. all of the above
- Blood carries
a. carbon dioxide and other wastes to all the body’s cells. b. oxygen and nutrients to all the body’s cells.
c. oxygen away from the cells to be excreted.
d. none of the above
- Plasma
a. contains many dissolved substances and blood cells. b. contains platelets.
c. is the fluid part of blood.
d. all of the above
- Factors that increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease include
a. diet.
b. age.
c. smoking.
d. all of the above.
- The main difference between red blood cells and white blood cells is that
a. red blood cells contain hemoglobin and white blood cells carry oxygen. b. white blood cells contain hemoglobin and red blood cells carry oxygen. c. red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells defend the body.
d. white blood cells carry oxygen and red blood cells defend the body.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and the body. _______ 14. There are two major types of blood vessels: arteries and veins.
_______ 15. Arteries are muscular blood vessels that bring blood to the heart. _______ 16. Blood is a connective tissue.
_______ 17. The trillions of white blood cells in blood plasma carry oxygen.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. 19. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside ____________.
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20. Capillaries are the smallest type of ____________ vessels.
21. ____________ blood cells defend the body.
22. The ____________ exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure. 23. Pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the ____________. 24. Coronary ____________ disease is the leading cause of death of adults in the U.S.
25. The main components of the circulatory system are the ____________, blood vessels, and blood.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Compare different types of blood vessels and their roles.
27. Describe the three types of cells in the blood.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. b4. a5. d6. c7. b8. d9. b10. d11. d12. c
13. false 14. false 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. Veins 19. arteries 20. blood 21. White 22. force 23. heart and lungs 24. heart 25. heart 26.
27.
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23.2 The Respiratory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which statement best describes the respiratory system?
- The body system that brings air containing carbon dioxide into the body and releases oxygen into the atmosphere.
- The body system that brings air containing oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- The body system that controls breathing.
- The body system that controls the exchange of gases between the body and the outside air.
a. gas exchange.
b. breathing.
c. circulating oxygen throughout the body. d. all of the above.
3. The relationship between respiration and cellular respiration is that
a. respiration supplies the carbon dioxide used in cellular respiration. b. respiration supplies the oxygen used in cellular respiration.
c. cellular respiration supplies the oxygen used in respiration.
d. cellular respiration supplies the carbon dioxide used in respiration.
4. The main muscle(s) involved in breathing is (are)
a. the lungs.
b. the diaphragm.
c. the chest muscles. d. all of the above.
5. The correct order of the steps of respiration is
a. gas transport - pulmonary gas exchange - ventilation - peripheral gas exchange. b. ventilation - peripheral gas exchange - gas transport - pulmonary gas exchange. c. ventilation - pulmonary gas exchange - gas transport - peripheral gas exchange. d. pulmonary gas exchange - ventilation - peripheral gas exchange - gas transport.
6. Pulmonary gas exchange take place in your
a. mouth and nose.
b. lungs.
c. blood.
d. capillaries and body cells.
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a. a disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow.
b. a disease in which the air passages of the pharynx and larynx periodically become too narrow. c. a disease in which the air passages of the alveoli periodically become too narrow.
d. all of the above.
8. Alveoli
a. are tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
b. carry oxygen in the blood.
c. are small passages in the lungs that end in bronchioles.
d. is large, sheet-like muscle below the lungs that controls breathing.
9. The flow of air from your nose proceeds as follows:
a. larynx - pharynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs. b. pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - lungs. c. pharynx - larynx - bronchi - trachea - lungs. d. larynx - pharynx - bronchi - trachea - lungs.
10. How does gas exchange help maintain homeostasis?
a. It provides cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration.
b. It provides cells with the oxygen they need for respiration.
c. It provides cells with the carbon dioxide they need for cellular respiration. d. It provides cells with the carbon dioxide they need for respiration.
11. Emphysema
a. is a disease in which walls of the alveoli break down. b. is usually caused by smoking and is irreversible.
c. causes shortness of breath.
d. all of the above
12. Which statement is true about the bronchi?
- Cilia that line the bronchi sweep foreign particles toward the throat so they can be expelled from the body.
- The bronchi connect the digestive tract to the lungs.
- In the chest, the larynx divides as it enters the lungs to form the right and left bronchi.
- none of the above
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The main role of the respiratory system is gas exchange.
_______ 14. Inhaling is an active movement that results from the contraction of the diaphragm. _______ 15. Asthma is a disease in which the air passages of the lungs become too wide. _______ 16. The larynx is a long tube that is shared with the digestive system.
_______ 17. The lungs are the organs in which gas exchange takes place between blood and air. Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The exchange of gases between the body and the outside air is called ____________.
19. ____________ enters the respiratory system through the nose.
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20. From the pharynx, air next passes through the ____________.
21. Tiny hairs called ____________ line the bronchi.
22. When the diaphragm contracts, the ____________ expands.
23. Emphysema is usually caused by ____________ and is irreversible.
24. Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the ____________ of the lungs.
25. Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of gases between inhaled air and the ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define respiration, and explain how it differs from cellular respiration.
27. Describe the role of gas exchange in homeostasis.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. b4. b5. c6. b7. a8. a9. b10. a11. d12. a
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. respiration 19. Air 20. larynx 21. cilia 22. ribcage 23. smoking 24. alveoli 25. blood 26.
27.
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23.3 The Digestive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The digestive system provides ____________ for cellular respiration.
a. oxygen b. glucose c. ATP
d. proteins
2. The gastrointestinal tract
a. is a long tube that connects the mouth with the anus.
b. includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. c. is about 30 feet long in adults.
d. all of the above
3. The digestive system has three main functions, including
a. the digestion of food.
b. the elimination of nutrients.
c. the absorption of solid food waste. d. all of the above.
4. In the mouth,
a. acids kill bacteria and other pathogens found in food.
b. chemical digestion breaks down chunks of food into smaller pieces.
c. amylase starts digesting carbohydrates by breaking down starch into sugar. d. all of the above
5. Foods flows through the GI tract in the following order:
a. mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine. b. mouth - stomach - esophagus - small intestine - large intestine. c. mouth - stomach - esophagus - large intestine - small intestine. d. mouth - esophagus - stomach - large intestine - small intestine.
6. In the stomach,
a. food is ground into smaller pieces.
b. amylase digests carbohydrates and lipase digests lipids.
c. most nutrients from food are absorbed into the blood.
d. food is further digested both mechanically and chemically.
7. Digestive enzymes include
a. lipase, which digests lipids.
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b. amylase and maltase, which digest carbohydrates. c. trypsin and peptidase, which digest proteins.
d. all of the above.
8. Bile is made by the liver. The main role of bile is
a. to break up fats into smaller globules.
b. to help digest proteins and carbohydrates. c. to use acid to kill bacteria.
d. none of the above.
9. Functions of the trillions of bacteria in your GI tract include
a. breaking down minerals before they can poison the body. b. producing vitamins, such as carbohydrates and lipids.
c. breaking down indigestible food components.
d. all of the above.
10. Macronutrients include
a. vitamins and minerals.
b. carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. c. calcium, potassium, and water.
d. all of the above.
11. MyPyramid suggests that you
a. eat green and yellow vegetables.
b. eat ice cream every day.
c. consume whole fruits and juices.
d. include red meat, fish, and beans in your meals.
12. An eating disorder is an illness in which people
a. cannot digest their food properly.
b. cannot absorb nutrients in the small intestine.
c. feel compelled to eat in a way that causes harm.
d. produce too much stomach acid, leading to extreme discomfort.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The GI tract is one long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
_______ 14. Mechanical digestion is the chemical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. _______ 15. The stomach is full of hydrochloric acid, which kills bacteria in food.
_______ 16. Lipase digests lipids and peptidase digests proteins.
_______ 17. MyPyramid tells you that you need to eat ice cream and potato chips daily.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ is a simple sugar that comes from the food we eat.
19. Trillions of ____________ normally live in the large intestine.
20. ____________ the body needs in relatively large amounts are called macronutrients.
21. ____________ shows the relative amounts of foods in different food groups you should eat each day. 22. Any unused energy in ____________ is stored in the body as fat.
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23. Nutrients include ____________ and minerals.
24. Dietary proteins are broken down to provide the ____________ needed for protein synthesis. 25. Carbohydrates include ____________, starches, and fiber.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Explain how digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
27. Explain how to use MyPyramid.
Answer Key
1. b2. d3. a4. c5. a6. d7. d8. a9. c10. b11. a12. c
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false
18. Glucose 19. bacteria 20. Nutrients 21. MyPyramid 22. food 23. vitamins 24. amino acids 25. sugars 26.
27.
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23.4 The Excretory System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Excretion can best be defined as the process of
a. removing solid wastes from the blood.
b. removing wastes and excess water from the body. c. removing excess wastes from the blood.
d. removing excess wastes from the body.
2. The main organ of excretion is the
a. liver.
b. gastrointestinal tract. c. kidney.
d. large intestine.
3. Excretion includes which of the following processes?
a. exhaling water vapor and carbon dioxide b. sweating away excess water and salts
c. eliminating solid wastes
d. all of the above
4. The main function of the urinary system is to
a. filter excess waste products and water from the blood and excrete them from the body. b. filter waste products and excess water from the blood and excrete them from the body. c. filter waste products and excess water from the body and excrete them from the blood. d. filter excess waste products and water and excrete them from the blood.
5. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the
a. nephron.
b. Bowman’s capsule.
c. glomerulus.
d. renal artery and tubule.
6. Blood enters the kidney through the
a. renal venule.
b. renal tubule.
c. renal artery.
d. collecting duct.
7. Urine follows which of the following pathways?
a. collecting ducts of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
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b. collecting ducts of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra. c. bladder, collecting ducts of the kidneys, ureters, urethra. d. collecting ducts of the kidneys, urethra, bladder, ureters.
8. Blood enters which part of the nephron first?
a. Bowman’s capsule b. the glomerulus
c. a collecting duct d. the renal tubule
9. The kidneys produce how much urine each day?
a. about 5 liters
b. about 1.5 gallons c. about 1.5 liters d. about 1.5 pints
10. Kidney failure
a. occurs when the kidneys have difficulty filtering blood. b. can only be cured with a transplant.
c. can be treated with blood dialysis.
d. all of the above
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The skin is considered an excretory organ.
_______ 12. The kidneys control the amount of water, ions, and other substances in the blood. _______ 13. Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. _______ 14. The function of the kidney is to filter urine and form blood.
_______ 15. Kidney stones are little crystals that can be extremely painful.
_______ 16. Blood enters the kidney through the renal vein.
_______ 17. The structural and functional unit of the nephron is the kidney.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The function of the ____________ is to filter blood and form urine.
19. Nephrons are the ____________ and ____________ units of the kidneys.
20. Parts of the kidney include ____________ capsule.
21. Parts of the kidney include the ____________ tubule of the nephron.
22. Kidney failure results when the kidneys can no longer ____________ blood.
23. The bladder is a hollow ____________ that stores urine.
24. ____________ leaves the body through the process of urination.
25. Dialysis is a medical procedure in which ____________ is filtered through a machine. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe the roles of the kidneys in homeostasis.
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27. Define excretion, and identify the main organs of the excretory system.
Answer Key
1. b2. c3. d4. b5. a6. c7. a8. b9. c10. d
11. true 12. true 13. true 14. false 15. true 16. false 17. false
18. kidney 19. structural, functional 20. Bowman’s 21. renal 22. filter 23. organ 24. Urine 25. blood 26.
27.
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23.5 The Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory Systems
Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Blood from the body enters the heart’s
a. right atrium. b. right ventricle. c. left atrium.
d. left ventricle.
2. Electrical impulses that stimulate heart contractions come from
a. the cerebrum.
b. the brain stem.
c. nerves in the spinal cord. d. specialized cardiac cells.
3. Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the
a. heart and body. b. body and lungs. c. lungs and heart. d. heart and head.
4. The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called
a. gas exchange. b. gas transport. c. ventilation.
d. respiration.
5. What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
a. The volume of the chest decreases.
b. The ribcage expands.
c. The contents of the abdomen move upward. d. Air rushes out of the lungs.
6. Organs of the gastrointestinal tract include
a. the pancreas.
b. the gall bladder. c. the stomach.
d. all of the above.
7. Chemical digestion begins in the a. small intestine.
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b. stomach. c. esophagus. d. mouth.
8. Which of the following are micronutrients?
a. minerals
b. proteins
c. lipids
d. carbohydrates
9. Obesity occurs when the body mass index is at least
a. 10 kg/m2. b. 15 kg/m2. c. 20 kg/m2. d. 30 kg/m2.
10. Organs of excretion include
a. the liver.
b. the lungs.
c. the large intestine. d. all of the above.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The heart consists mainly of muscle.
_______ 12. Blood pressure is highest in veins.
_______ 13. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque inside arteries.
_______ 14. Platelets are blood cells that fight infections.
_______ 15. Peripheral gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
_______ 16. Food travels from the mouth to the stomach because of gravity.
_______ 17. Most absorption of nutrients takes place in the stomach.
_______ 18. For good health, you should never eat lipids.
_______ 19. The kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system.
_______ 20. Nephrons carry urine out of the body.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
- ____________ is blood pressure that is higher than normal.
- The liquid part of blood is referred to as ____________.
- Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of ____________ on blood cells.
- Tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place are called ____________.
- The disease in which air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow is ____________.
- A wave of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive system is called __________-
27. The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces is referred to as ___________ digestion.
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28. The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections named ____________.
29. Solid waste that leaves the large intestine is known as ____________.
30. ____________ are organic compounds needed in small amounts for the body to function properly. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Compare and contrast different types of blood vessels and their functions.
32. Describe the role of gas exchange in homeostasis.
33. Explain how digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. c4. c5. b6. c7. d8. a9. d10. d
11. true 12. false 13. true 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. false 18. false 19. true 20. false
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30. Vitamins
31. There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick walls that can withstand the pressure of blood being pumped by the heart. Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. This blood is no longer under much pressure, so many veins have valves that prevent backflow of blood. Veins generally carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries are the smallest type of blood vessels. They connect very small arteries and veins. The exchange of gases and other substances between cells and the blood takes place across the extremely thin walls of capillaries.
32. Gas exchange is needed to provide cells with the oxygen they need for cellular respiration. It is also needed to carry away carbon dioxide waste. Some of the carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves to form carbonic acid, which keeps blood pH within a normal range.
33. Most chemical digestion takes place in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Many digestive enzymes are active here, including enzymes produced by the duodenum and enzymes produced by the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum. Bile from the liver is also secreted into the duodenum. Bile breaks up lipid globules and reduces acidity so intestinal enzymes can work. Most nutrients are absorbed into the blood in the jejunum, which is the second part of the small intestine. The mucous membrane lining the jejunum is covered with millions of villi, which contain many capillaries. Nutrients pass from the villi into the bloodstream across the thin walls of the capillaries.
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24
Chapter Outline
CHAPTER
The Immune System and Disease Assessments
- 24.1 NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
- 24.2 THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
- 24.3 IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES
- 24.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND HUMAN HEALTH
- 24.5 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DISEASE
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24.1 Nonspecific Defenses Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The body’s most important barrier to pathogens is
a. the mucous membranes. b. the immune response. c. the skin.
d. the white blood cells.
2. Which statement is correct concerning mucous membranes?
a. Mucous membranes have cilia that sweep mucus and pathogens toward body openings. b. Mucous membranes provide a biological barrier at body openings.
c. The skin is the most important mucous membrane of the body.
d. all of the above
3. Chemical barriers include
a. sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva. b. urine and semen.
c. stomach acid.
d. all of the above.
4. The second line of defense
a. is nonspecific and attacks most pathogens that enter the body.
b. includes chemical barriers that destroy pathogens on the outer body surface. c. includes the bacteria that live in the GI tract.
d. is tailored to a particular pathogen.
5. The inflammatory response
a. is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines.
b. involves white blood cells fighting pathogens at the site of injury or infection. c. is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection.
d. all of the above
6. Leukocytes
a. are involved in the first line of defense.
b. are red blood cells.
c. fight infections and get rid of debris.
d. are living organisms that help protect the body.
7. Which statement best describes nonspecific defenses?
a. Nonspecific defenses are performed by the trillions of red blood cells in the body.
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b. Phagocytosis, where leukocytes engulf and break down pathogens and debris, is a nonspecific defense. c. Mucous membranes are the most important nonspecific defenses the body has.
d. The nonspecific defense used by the body depends on what type of pathogen is involved.
- The immune system has ____________ lines of defense.
a. four b. three c. two d. five
- Which statements are true about mechanical barriers? (1) Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body. (2) The skin is the most important mechanical barrier. (3) Mucous membranes provide a mechanical barrier at body openings. (4) Mucous membranes secrete mucus, a slimy substance that traps pathogens.
a. 1and2
b. 3and4
c. 1,2,and3 d. 1,2,3,and4
- Which statement best describes the immune system?
a. The immune system produces white blood cells such as leukocytes. b. The immune system exchanges gases between the blood and lungs. c. The immune system protects the body from pathogens.
d. The immune system digests food into usable nutrients.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Biological barriers include millions of harmless bacteria live on the human skin. _______ 12. The second line of defense attacks pathogens that manage to enter the body. _______ 13. Chemical barriers are living organisms that help protect the body.
_______ 14. Mucous membranes provide a mechanical barrier at body openings.
_______ 15. The skin is the most important biological barrier. _______ 16. An example of a nonspecific defense is phagocytosis. _______ 17. Leukocytes are red blood cells.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ are disease-causing agents.
19. Mucous membranes secrete ____________, a slimy substance that traps pathogens.
20. Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from ____________ the body.
21. The ____________ response is triggered by chemicals called cytokines and histamines.
22. A cut becoming red, warm, and ____________ are signs of an inflammatory response.
23. Millions of harmless bacteria live on the human skin are considered ____________ barriers. 24. Sweat, mucus, tears, and saliva all contain ____________ that kill pathogens.
25. Leukocytes fight ____________ and get rid of debris.
Short Answer
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26. What is a nonspecific defense?
27. Identify three types of barriers in the body’s first line of defense. Give an example of each type of barrier.
Answer Key
1. c2. a3. d4. a5. d6. c7. b8. b9. d10. c
11. true 12. true 13. false 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. false
18. Pathogens 19. mucus 20. entering 21. inflammatory 22. swollen 23. biological 24. enzymes 25. infections 26.
27.
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24.2 The Immune Response Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The third line of defense is
a. the immune response.
b. the immune system.
c. the humoral immune response. d. active immunity.
2. The lymphatic system
a. produces leukocytes called lymphocytes.
b. is a major part of the immune system.
c. recognizes and destroys particular pathogens in body fluids and cells. d. all of the above
3. Organs of the lymphatic system include
a. bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and thyroid. b. bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and tonsils. c. bone, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.
d. bone marrow, thyroid, spleen, and tonsils.
4. There are ____________ major types of lymphocytes, called ____________.
a. three; B cells, L cells, and T cells. b. two; B cells and L cells.
c. two; B cells and T cells.
d. two; L cells and T cells.
5. Antibodies are
a. large, X-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.
b. large, Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.
c. large, Y-shaped antigens that recognize and bind to specific proteins. d. large, Y-shaped antigens that recognize and bind to specific pathogens.
6. Memory cells
a. help launch a rapid response against a pathogen if it invades the body again in the future. b. are long-living plasma cells.
c. can be both B and T cells.
d. all of the above
7. The cell-mediated immune response a. involves mainly B cells.
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b. includes helper, cytotoxic, plasma, and regulatory T cells.
c. leads to the destruction of cells that are infected with viruses. d. destroys cells infected by bacteria.
8. Helper T cells
a. are like the “managers” of the immune response.
b. can remain as memory cells, in case they are needed in the future.
c. secrete cytokines, which activate or control the activities of other lymphocytes. d. all of the above
9. Cytotoxic T cells
a. release toxins that form pores in the nucleus of virus infected cells.
b. release toxins that form pores in the membrane of virus infected cells. c. serve as memory cells to be used in a future infection.
d. can destroy both virus and bacteria infected cells.
10. Active immunity results from
a. antibodies that are transferred to a person who has never been exposed to the pathogen. b. having memory cells produced from a previous infection.
c. the long-term survival of cytotoxic T cells in the body.
d. the injection of antibodies.
11. The humoral immune response begins with
a. the activation of B cells by a specific antigen.
b. the activation of T cells by a specific antigen.
c. the activation of a helper T cells by a specific antigen. d. any of the above.
12. The human body has as many as ____________ lymphocytes.
a. two million b. two billion c. two trillion d. 200 trillion
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The third line of defense is referred to as the immune response.
_______ 14. There are three major types of lymphocytes, B cells, L cells and T cells.
_______ 15. Antigens trigger the immune system to react against the cells that carry them.
_______ 16. B cells must be activated by an antigen before they can fight pathogens.
_______ 17. Antigens are large, Y-shaped proteins that recognize and bind to antibodies.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The body’s third line of defense is referred to as the immune ____________.
19. Plasma cells are activated B cells that secrete ____________, which are large, Y-shaped proteins. 20. Long-living plasma cells are called ____________ cells.
21. Cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells and some ____________ cells.
22. ____________ immunity results when an immune response to a pathogen produces memory cells.
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pathogen.
24. ____________ is the deliberate exposure of a person to a pathogen in order to provoke an immune response. 25. ____________ are the key cells in the immune response.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define immunity, and distinguish between active and passive immunity.
27. Describe one way that cytotoxic T cells destroy cells infected with viruses.
Answer Key
1. a2. d3. b4. c5. b6. d7. c8. d9. b10. b11. a12. c
13. true 14. false 15. true 16. true 17. false
18. response 19. antibodies 20. memory 21. cancer 22. Active 23. Passive 24. Immunization 25. Lymphocytes 26.
27.
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24.3 Immune System Diseases Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Which statement best describes the relationship between an allergy and an antigen?
- An antigen is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless allergy.
- An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen.
- An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes a cell-mediated response to an antigen.
- An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes a humoral response to an antigen.
- The immune system only protects you from pathogens and keeps you well, so it cannot develop its own problems.
- Sometimes the immune system responds to harmless foreign substances.
- The immune system can attack the body’s own cells.
- Certain diseases can attack and damage the immune system.
a. result in the inability to fight off pathogens.
b. occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as belonging to the person. c. occur when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen.
d. all of the above
4. In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks
a. insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. b. myelin sheaths.
c. tissues inside joints.
d. joints, the heart and other organs.
5. In multiple sclerosis, the results of the attack by the immune system include
a. high blood sugar.
b. joint damage and pain. c. joint and organ damage. d. muscle weakness.
6. Immunodeficiency may occur
a. when the immune system is damaged by other disorders.
b. naturally as people get older.
c. when the immune system is suppressed by certain medications. d. all of the above
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- HIV
- is the human immunodeficiency virus.
- is the result of the AIDS virus.
- results from low T cell levels.
- all of the above
- is the human immunodeficiency virus.
- Which statement is true of the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
a. AIDS causes HIV.
b. HIV causes AIDS.
c. HIV and AIDS are not related.
d. HIV and AIDS are the same disease.
- HIV can be transmitted
a. through unprotected sex. b. through infected needles. c. from mother to baby.
d. all of the above
- HIV is able to evade the immune system because
a. the virus uses the plasma membranes of host cells to hide its own antibodies. b. the virus frequently mutates and changes its surface antibodies.
c. the virus frequently mutates and changes its surface antigens.
d. the virus hides in host cells, escaping attack by the immune system.
- Which statement is true concerning AIDS? (1) AIDS is not a single disease but a set of diseases. (2) AIDS occurs when helper T cells fall to a very low level and opportunistic diseases occur. (3) AIDS results from years of damage to the immune system by HIV. (4) AIDS is the main cause of death in the world today.
a. 1and2
b. 1,2,and3
c. 1,2,and4 d. 1,2,3,and4
- AIDS occurs
a. about 3-5 years after an HIV infection.
b. when HIV levels match the level of helper T cells.
c. after years of damage to the immune system by helper T cells. d. when helper T cells fall to a very low level.
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
- _______ 13. An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless allergen.
- _______ 14. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.
- _______ 15. Immunodeficiency can occur as people get older.
- _______ 16. HIV infects and destroys helper B cells.
- _______ 17. HIV frequently mutates and changes its surface antigens, making the development of a vaccine difficult. Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an ____________. 358
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20. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own molecules as _______- _____.
21. ____________ occurs when the immune system is not working properly.
22. Human immunodeficiency virus is the virus that causes ____________.
23. HIV attacks cells of the immune system; specifically it infects and destroys ____________ cells. 24. HIV frequently mutates and changes its surface ____________.
25. AIDS results from years of damage to the ____________ system by HIV.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Define immunodeficiency, and list reasons for it.
27. Explain how HIV is transmitted and how it causes AIDS.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. b4. c5. d6. d7. a8. b9. d10. c11. b12. d 13. false 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. allergen 19. poison 20. self (or belonging to the person) 21. Immunodeficiency 22. AIDS 23. helper T 24. antigens 25. immune
26. 27.
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24.4 Environmental Problems and Human Health
Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Examples of carcinogens include
a. viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
b. viruses, UV radiation, and tobacco smoke. c. viruses, UV radiation, and hot dogs.
d. all of the above.
2. Mutations that lead to cancer usually occur in
a. genes that control DNA replication. b. genes that control the cell cycle.
c. genes that control mitosis.
d. genes that control meiosis.
3. Which statement best describes tumor-suppressor genes?
a. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
b. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent damaged DNA from replicating.
c. Tumor-suppressor genes normally help control cell division.
d. Tumor-suppressor genes normally prevent damaged DNA from controlling cell division.
4. Which statement best describes proto-oncogenes?
a. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent damaged DNA from controlling cell division. b. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent damaged DNA from replicating.
c. Proto-oncogenes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
d. Proto-oncogenes normally help control cell division.
5. The most common cancer among women in the United States is
a. lung cancer.
b. breast cancer. c. skin cancer.
d. prostate cancer.
6. Warning signs of cancer include
a. persistent coughing or hoarseness. b. a lump in the breast or elsewhere. c. a sore that does not heal.
d. all of the above.
7. Almost ____________ people die each year because of air pollution. a. 50,000
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b. 500,000
c. 5,000,000 d. 50,000,000
8. Only AQI values below ____________ are considered safe.
a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 250
9. Indoor air pollution
a. may be even more polluted than outdoor air. b. can contain mold, bacteria, and radon.
c. can include deadly gasses.
d. all of the above
10. Bioterrorism
a. is the release or spread of bacteria.
b. is the release or spread of agents of disease.
c. is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
d. includes the unintentional release or spread of agents of disease.
11. Air pollution
a. can cause skin cancer.
b. is the leading cause of lung cancer.
c. can make asthma and other diseases more severe. d. all of the above
12. More people die of ____________ in the United States than any other type of cancer.
a. skin cancer.
b. breast cancer. c. prostate cancer. d. lung cancer.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Air pollution can cause lung cancer.
_______ 14. A carcinogen is anything that can cause cancer.
_______ 15. Everyone has proto-oncogenes.
_______ 16. More cancer deaths in adult females are due to breast cancer than any other type of cancer. _______ 17. Bioterrorism includes the natural release or spread of agents of disease.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. A carcinogen is anything that can cause ____________.
19. Exposure to ____________ is the leading cause of lung cancer.
20. ____________ genes normally prevent cells with damaged DNA from dividing.
21. Proto-oncogenes normally help control ____________.
22. Almost ____________ people die each year because of air pollution. I
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23. ____________ air may contain harmful substances such as mold, bacteria, and radon. 24. ____________ is the intentional release or spread of agents of disease.
25. If inhaled, ____________ replaces oxygen in the blood and quickly leads to death. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Identify two causes of air pollution and describe their effects on human health.
27. Describe three types of carcinogens.
Answer Key
1. b2. b3. a4. d5. b6. d7. c8. a9. d10. c11. c12. d 13. true 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. false
18. cancer 19. tobacco smoke 20. Tumor-suppressor 21. cell division 22. 5 million 23. Indoor 24. Bioterrorism 25. carbon monoxide
26. 27.
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24.5 The Immune System and Disease Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Human pathogens include
a. viruses.
b. bacteria.
c. fungi.
d. all of the above.
2. The body’s second line of defense involves
a. mucus.
b. skin.
c. histamines. d. cilia.
3. The tonsils are organs of the
a. muscular system. b. lymphatic system. c. circulatory system. d. skeletal system.
4. Which statement about B cells is false?
a. B cells mature in bone marrow.
b. B cells have receptors for specific antigens. c. Activated B cells produce antibodies.
d. Activated B cells destroy cancer cells.
5. Which cells produce immunity?
a. helper T cells
b. regulatory T cells c. memory T cells d. cytotoxic T cells
6. Autoimmune diseases include
a. allergies.
b. multiple sclerosis. c. HIV/AIDS.
d. measles.
7. HIV disables the immune system by a. destroying helper T cells.
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b. stimulating autoimmunity.
c. becoming carcinogenic.
d. causing opportunistic infections.
8. What is the highest value for the air quality index that is considered “good” in terms of human health?
a. 0
b. 50 c. 100 d. 150
9. Warning signs of cancer include
a. a change in bowel or bladder habits. b. a sore that does not heal.
c. any unusual bleeding or discharge. d. all of the above.
10. Genes that promote the division of cells with damaged DNA are called
a. tumor-suppressor genes. b. proto-oncogenes.
c. oncogenes.
d. carcinogenes.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. The body’s single most important defense is the skin. _______ 12. The inflammatory response involves B cells and T cells. _______ 13. Phagocytosis is a specific type of defense.
_______ 14. The lymphatic system includes the thymus and spleen. _______ 15. Lymphocytes recognize and respond to antibodies. _______ 16. The humoral immune response involves mainly T cells. _______ 17. All immunizations confer passive immunity.
_______ 18. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease.
_______ 19. The chief cause of immunodeficiency in the world today is cancer.
_______ 20. All tumors are cancerous and likely to spread.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The general term for disease-causing agent is ____________.
22. The lymphatic system circulates the fluid called ____________.
23. The lymphatic system produces leukocytes known as ____________.
24. Lymphatic cells that mature in the thymus are called ____________.
25. ____________ are Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens.
26. An antigen that causes an allergy is called a(n) ____________.
27. A(n) ____________ disease occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. 28. The virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is ____________.
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29. The leading cause of skin cancer is ____________.
30. The ____________ is an assessment of air pollution in terms of human health. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. List the steps that occur in a humoral immune response.
32. Explain how allergies occur, and identify common allergens.
33. What are causes of outdoor and indoor air pollution? How does air pollution affect human health?
Answer Key
1. d2. c3. b4. d5. c6. b7. a8. b9. d10. c
11. true 12. false 13. false 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. false 18. true 19. false 20. false
21. pathogen 22. lymph 23. lymphocytes 24. T cells 25. Antibodies 26. allergen 27. autoimmune 28. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 29. UV radiation 30. air quality index (AQI)
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31. In a humoral immune response, a B cell encounters its matching antigen and engulfs it. The B cell then displays fragments of the antigen on its surface. This attracts a helper T cell, which binds to the B cell at the antigen site and releases cytokines that tell the B cell to develop into a plasma cell. As a plasma cell, the activated B cell secretes antibodies that recognize and bind to antigens, forming antigen-antibody complexes. These are destroyed by phagocytosis.
32. Allergies occur when the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen, called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested or come into contact with the skin. Two common allergens are ragweed pollen and the oils in poison ivy.
33. Causes of outdoor air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels. Causes of indoor air pollution include mold, bacteria, and radon. Air pollution harms the respiratory and circulatory systems. It is especially harmful for people with asthma, other respiratory illnesses, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Chapter Outline
- 25.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- 25.2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- 25.3 FROM FERTILIZATION TO OLD AGE
- 25.4 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
- 25.5 REPRODUCTION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
25
Chapter 25. Reproduction and Human Development Assessments
Reproduction and Human Development Assessments
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25.1 Male Reproductive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The reproductive system in both males and females consists of
a. reproductive cells.
b. structures that produce reproductive cells. c. structures that secrete sex hormones.
d. all of the above.
2. Gametes
a. are reproductive cells.
b. are haploid cells.
c. combine during fertilization. d. all of the above
3. Male reproductive structures include
a. two testes, the epididymis, and the vas deferens. b. the epididymis, the testes, and testosterone.
c. the epididymis, semen, and the vas deferens.
d. all of the above
4. What determines if male reproductive organs develop.
a. The absence of a second X chromosome.
b. The presence of a Y chromosome.
c. The presence of one X and one Y chromosome. d. The presence of two X chromosomes.
5. In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about
a. age 12 and complete it at about age 16. b. age 12 and complete it at about age 18. c. age 10 and complete it at about age 18. d. age 10 and complete it at about age 16.
6. Which statement is true concerning spermatogenesis?
a. Sperm are produced in the epididymis of the testes and become mature in the seminiferous tubules. b. Spermatogenesis takes about 9 to 10 days to complete.
c. Spermatogonia are haploid, sperm-producing cells.
d. Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes,
7. Which is the correct sequence of events surrounding puberty? 368
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- the pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone - the testes secrete testosterone - protein synthesis and growth
- protein synthesis and growth - the pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone - the testes secrete testosterone
- the pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone - protein synthesis and growth - the testes secrete testosterone
- the testes secrete testosterone - protein synthesis and growth - the pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone
a. the tail, the head, and the middle region.
b. the tail, the mitochondrial segment, and the acrosome.
c. the acrosome, the head, the tail, and the middle region.
d. the head, the acrosome, and the region that connects these two segments.
9. Which statement is true?
a. The epididymis is a coiled tube about 6 meters long lying atop the testis inside the scrotum. b. The epididymis is a coiled tube about 6 feet long lying atop the testis inside the scrotum.
c. Each testis contains about 30 feet of seminiferous tubules.
d. Each testis contains about 3 feet of seminiferous tubules.
10. How many sperm are released with each ejaculation?
a. hundreds
b. thousands
c. millions
d. hundreds of millions
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. A sexually mature male produces hundreds of sperm each day.
_______ 12. The part of the sperm called the acrosome produces enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an egg.
_______ 13. Sex proteins are chemical messengers that control sexual development and reproduction.
_______ 14. Sperm are stored in the epididymis.
_______ 15. In the first several weeks after fertilization, males and females are essentially the same except for their chromosomes.
_______ 16. In the United States, boys generally begin puberty at about age 9 and complete it at about age 18. _______ 17. A mature male produces hundreds of millions of sperm each day.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. The male reproductive system consists of structures that secrete the male sex hormone ____________. 19. Each testis contains more than ____________ meters of seminiferous tubules.
20. In terms of X and Y chromosomes, females have ____________ chromosomes, and males have ___________- _ chromosomes.
21. To begin puberty, the main pituitary hormone involved is ____________ hormone. 22. The process of producing mature sperm is called ____________.
23. ____________ is the fluid that carries sperm out of the body.
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24. Spermatogonia lining the seminiferous tubule undergo ____________ to form primary spermatocytes. 25. Hundreds of ____________ of sperm are released with each ejaculation.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe a sperm cell. How does each structure contribute to the sperm’s function?
27. Incorporating mitosis and meiosis, describe how sperm are produced.
Answer Key
1. d2. d3. a4. b5. c6. d7. a8. b9. a10. d
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. true 15. true 16. false 17. true
18. testosterone 19. 30 20. XX, XY 21. luteinizing 22. spermatogenesis 23. Semen 24. mitosis 25. millions 26.
27.
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25.2 Female Reproductive System Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. Functions of the female reproductive system include
a. delivering a baby during birth.
b. supporting the development of a fetus. c. breast feeding a baby after birth.
d. all of the above.
2. Before birth,
a. FSH starts egg production.
b. a female produces all the eggs she will ever make. c. LH stimulates the ovaries to store the eggs.
d. all of the above
3. Puberty in girls starts when the pituitary gland releases two hormones,
a. estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone.
b. luteinizing hormone and estrogen-stimulating hormone. c. luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. d. luteinizing-stimulating hormone and follicle hormone.
4. Which statement is correct?
a. Menarche is the beginning of menstruation.
b. Menstruation is the beginning of menarche.
c. Menarche begins around age 12 in girls and 14 in boys. d. Menarche is when females begin to produce eggs.
5. The process of producing eggs in the ovary is called
a. meiosis.
b. ovulation.
c. menstruation. d. oogenesis.
6. During egg production, the primary oocyte
a. starts to go through the first cell division of mitosis. b. starts to go through the first cell division of meiosis. c. completes meiosis and produces a haploid egg.
d. completes mitosis and produces a haploid egg.
7. The correct sequence of events in the ovary is
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- the development of the oocyte - development of the follicle - degeneration of the corpus luteum- ovula- tion.
- the development of the oocyte - development of the follicle - ovulation - degeneration of the corpus luteum.
- the development of the follicle - development of the oocyte - ovulation - degeneration of the corpus luteum.
- the development of the oocyte - ovulation - development of the follicle - degeneration of the corpus luteum.
a. the endometrium of the uterus is shed from the body. b. the endometrium of the vagina is shed from the body. c. the oocyte explodes from the ovary.
d. the corpus letuem begins to produce another egg.
9. The corpus letuem
a. is the remains of the ovary after ovulation.
b. is the remains of the follicle after ovulation.
c. is the remains of the oocyte after ovulation.
d. s the remains of the oocyte after menstruation.
10. If fertilization is to take place, it will occur
a. in the uterus.
b. in the vagina.
c. in a fallopian tube. d. in an ovary.
11. Menopause
a. is a period during which a menstrual cycles slow down and eventually stop. b. usually occurs by the early fifties.
c. occurs and women can no longer reproduce naturally.
d. all of the above
12. Fertilization can occur
a. only a few days after menstruation.
b. only a few days after ovulation.
c. only a few days before or after ovulation. d. any time during the monthly cycle.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. The female reproductive system has several other functions including breast-feeding a baby after birth. _______ 14. Cells in the egg protect the follicle and help it mature.
_______ 15. Girls begin puberty at an average age of 10 years and complete puberty at about 18.
_______ 16. Menstruation is the beginning of menarche, or monthly periods.
_______ 17. At birth, a girl has all the eggs she will ever produce.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
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19. Beginning in puberty, each month one of the ____________ and its primary oocyte starts to mature. 20. After ____________ days of the monthly cycle, ovulation occurs.
21. Menstruation is the process in which the endometrium of the ____________ is shed from the body. 22. If fertilization is to occur, it will take place in the ____________.
23. ____________ is the primary female sex hormone.
24. Females lack a ____________ chromosome.
25. For most women, menstrual cycles continue until their mid- to late ____________. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe how eggs are produced.
27. Outline the phases of the menstrual cycle.
Answer Key
1. d2. b3. c4. a5. d6b. 7. c8. a9. b10. c11. d12. b
13. true 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. oogenesis 19. follicles 20. 12-14 21. uterus 22. fallopian tube 23. Estrogen 24. Y 25. forties 26.
27.
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25.3 From Fertilization to Old Age Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. When a sperm penetrates an egg,
a. the egg begins to complete meiosis.
b. the sperm’s tail falls off, and its nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the egg. c. a zygote forms.
d. all of the above
2. During cleavage,
a. many cell divisions occur starting from the original zygote.
b. the developing organisms significantly grows in cell number and size. c. the blastocyst and then the morula form.
d. many cell divisions occur starting from the morula.
3. The blastocyst imbeds in the uterus usually ____________ days after fertilization.
a. 3,4,or5
b. 3 or 4
c. 4 or 5
d. between 3 and 6
4. Which is the correct order of events?
a. cleavage - formation of the blastocyst - formation of the morula - implantation b. implantation - formation of the morula - formation of the blastocyst - cleavage c. cleavage - formation of the morula - formation of the blastocyst - implantation d. implantation - formation of the blastocyst - formation of the morula - cleava
5. The ectoderm layer develops into
a. skin cells and neurons of the brain. b. muscle cells and blood cells.
c. lung cells.
d. skin cells and blood cells.
6. How does a single cell develop into many different types of cells?
a. Through specialization, the process of cell differentiation.
b. Through differentiation, the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. c. Through differentiation, the process by which tissues and organs are made.
d. Through specialization, the process of cells becoming tissues.
7. Which organ or structure forms first? a. blood
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b. the lungs
c. the heart
d. fingers and toes
8. During pregnancy, nutrients that are especially important include
a. folic acid, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. b. folic acid, potassium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids. c. folic acid, calcium, iron, and fatty acids.
d. vitamin C, calcium, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids.
9. During adolescence, individuals
a. usually try to be more independent from their parents. b. have mood swings because of surging hormones.
c. develop the ability to think abstractly.
d. all of the above
10. Why do we decline in various ways as we age?
a. Because the cell cycle occurs faster.
b. Because cells stop dividing and die.
c. Because mitosis and cytokinesis take much longer than normal. d. all of the above
11. The blastocyst is
a. the ball of cells that forms after implantation.
b. a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity that forms a few days after fertilization. c. the inner cell mass of cells that forms the embryo.
d. the initial ball of cells that develops from the zygote.
12. The placenta
a. mixes the mother’s and fetus’s blood to exchange substances.
b. allows the fetus to move freely.
c. is an enclosed membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus.
d. is made up of a large mass of blood vessels from both the mother and fetus.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 13. Fertilization can only occur after ovulation.
_______ 14. A zygote is the cell that results after fertilization.
_______ 15. A morula forms from the blastocyst.
_______ 16. After implantation occurs, the blastocyst is called a fetus.
_______ 17. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized. Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. ____________ is the first year of life after birth.
19. ____________ is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. 20. In the zygote, half the ____________ come from the egg and half from the sperm.
21. The blastocyst reaches the uterus about ____________ days after fertilization.
22. Implantation is the process of embedding the blastocyst in the lining of the ____________.
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23. The three distinct cell layers of the embryo are the ____________, mesoderm, and endoderm. 24. The heart begins to beat about ____________ weeks after fertilization.
25. Birth typically occurs at about ____________ weeks after fertilization.
Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
26. Describe the first 5 days of development.
27. Most organs develop in the embryo during weeks 4 through 8. If the embryo is exposed to toxins during this period, the effects are likely to be very damaging. Why do you think this happens?
Answer Key
1. d2. a3. c4. c5. a6. b7. c8. a9. d10. b11. b12. d
13. true 14. true 15. false 16. false 17. true
18. Infancy 19. Adolescence 20. chromosomes 21. 4 (or 5) 22. uterus 23. ectoderm 24. four 25. 38 26.
27.
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25.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Lesson Quiz
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
- The majority of people infected with an STI are
a. under the age of 20. b. under the age of 25. c. over the age of 25. d. under the age of 35.
- Protozoa cause an STI called
a. genital herpes. b. chlamydia.
c. trichomoniasis. d. hepatitis B.
- Most STIs are caused by
a. bacteria or viruses. b. bacteria or protozoa. c. protozoa or viruses. d. bacteria and fungi.
- Most of the pathogens that cause STIs enter the body through
a. the mouth.
b. any mucous membrane.
c. body fluids such as blood, semen, and breast milk. d. mucous membranes of the reproductive organs.
- The most common STI in the United States is
a. genital herpes. b. chlamydia.
c. gonorrhea.
d. syphilis.
- Which of the following STIs can be cured with antibiotics? (1) chlamydia, (2) gonorrhea, (3) genital herpes, (4) genital warts.
a. 1and2
b. 3and4
c. 1and4
d. 1,2,3,and4
7. Hepatitis B can be a very serious disease. The virus can
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a. cause small, open sores on the genitals.
b. damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer. c. cause extremely painful urination.
d. all of the above.
8. The human papillomavirus can cause
a. genital herpes.
b. cancer of the uterus in females. c. cancer of the cervix in females. d. cancer of the testis in males.
9. Treatments for STIs include
a. antibiotics for genital herpes.
b. antibiotics for genital warts.
c. vaccination for cancer of the cervix. d. all of the above.
10. The most likely population to get chlamydia is
a. 20 - 24 year old males. b. 20 - 24 year old females. c. 15 - 19 year old males. d. 25 - 29 year old females.
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. STIs become more common the older a person gets.
_______ 12. The human papilloma virus can cause cancer of the cervix in females.
_______ 13. Worldwide, a million people a day become infected with STIs.
_______ 14. Pubic lice suck the blood of their host.
_______ 15. Gonorrhea is the most common STI in the U.S.
_______ 16. More females get chlamydia then males.
_______ 17. Syphilis can be deadly if left untreated.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
18. Most of the people with STAs are under the age of ____________.
19. Most of the pathogens that cause STIs enter the body through ____________ of the reproductive organs.
20. The only completely effective way to prevent infection with STIs is to avoid ____________ and other risky behaviors.
21. ____________ is the most common STI in the United States.
22. Bacterial STIs can be cured with ____________.
23. Genital herpes is an STI caused by a ____________ virus.
24. ____________ may eventually damage the liver and increase the risk of liver cancer, which is usually fatal. 25. There is a vaccine for young women that can prevent infection with ____________.
Short Answer
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26. Explain what causes STIs and how they can be prevented.
27. Identify and describe two common viral STIs.
Answer Key
1. b2. c3. a4. d5. b6. a7. b8. c9. c10. b
11. false 12. true 13. true 14. true 15. false 16. true 17. true
18. 25 19. mucous membranes 20. sexual contact 21. Chlamydia 22. antibiotics 23. herpes 24. Hepatitis B 25. HPV
26. 27.
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25.5 Reproduction and Human Development Chapter Test
Name___________________ Class______________ Date________ Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. The human organs that produce sperm are the
a. epididymes.
b. testes.
c. seminal vesicles. d. ejaculatory ducts.
2. The main pituitary hormone that triggers puberty in boys is
a. LH.
b. FSH.
c. testosterone.
d. growth hormone.
3. What is the function of the acrosome of a mature sperm cell?
a. secreting enzymes
b. helping the sperm swim c. providing energy
d. containing DNA
4. A fetus grows and develops until birth in the
a. vagina.
b. Fallopian tube. c. ovary.
d. uterus.
5. Eggs form in human females
a. at puberty.
b. in adulthood.
c. during childhood. d. before birth.
6. The process of shedding the endometrium is known as
a. ejaculation.
b. differentiation. c. menstruation. d. ovulation.
7. At which stage do the three germ layers form in the human organism? a. morula
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b. blastocyst c. embryo d. fetus
8. Which statement about the placenta is false?
a. It contains fetal tissues.
b. It contains maternal tissues.
c. It consists of a large mass of blood vessels. d. It allows maternal and fetal blood to mix.
9. A sexually transmitted infection caused by a protozoan is
a. pubic lice.
b. gonorrhea.
c. syphilis.
d. trichomoniasis.
10. Which sexually transmitted organism may cause cervical cancer?
a. HIV
b. HPV
c. hepatitis B
d. genital herpes
True or False
Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.
_______ 11. Sperm mature in the prostate gland.
_______ 12. The ovaries secrete estrogen.
_______ 13. Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the vagina.
_______ 14. An embryo develops into a male unless it is exposed to estrogen.
_______ 15. Ovulation occurs on the first day of the menstrual cycle.
_______ 16. Fertilization normally occurs in the uterus.
_______ 17. The blastocyst consists of two cell layers.
_______ 18. Most organs develop during the embryonic stage.
_______ 19. Adolescence is the period of most rapid growth after birth.
_______ 20. The most common STI in the U.S. is chlamydia.
Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blank with the term that best completes the sentence.
21. The fluid that carries sperm out of the body is __________.
22. The period in which humans become sexually mature is called __________.
23. The __________ is the female reproductive organ that receives sperm during sexual intercourse.
24. The beginning of monthly periods in females is termed __________.
25. The process of producing eggs is referred to as __________.
26. The period in middle adulthood when menstrual cycles slow down and eventually stop is known as __________. 27. A human organism from 8 weeks after fertilization until birth is called a(n) __________.
28. The __________ is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects a fetus.
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29. The first year of life after birth is referred to as __________.
30. __________ is the period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood. Short Answer
Answer each question in the space provided.
31. Describe how sperm are produced.
32. Give an overview of the menstrual cycle.
33. Explain why aging occurs.
Answer Key
1. b2. a3. a4. d5. d6. c7. c8. d9. d10. b
11. false 12. true 13. false 14. false 15. false 16. false 17. true 18. true 19. false 20. true
21. semen 22. puberty 23. vagina 24. menarche 25. oogenesis 26. menopause 27. fetus 28. amniotic sac 29. infancy 30. Adolescence
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31. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The tubules are lined with spermatogonia, which are diploid sperm-producing cells. Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes, which are also diploid. Primary spermatocytes, in turn, undergo the first meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes, which are haploid. Secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis to form spermatids. After spermatids form, they move into the epididymis to mature into sperm by growing a tail and losing excess cytoplasm from the head.
32. The menstrual cycle begins with menstruation, when the endometrium is shed from the uterus. This lasts about 5 days. After menstruation, the endometrium begins to build up again. At the same time a follicle starts maturing in an ovary. Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the cycle. After it occurs, the endometrium continues to build up in preparation for a fertilized egg. What happens next depends on whether the egg is fertilized. If the egg is fertilized, the endometrium will be maintained and help nourish the egg. If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium will break down and be shed, beginning a new menstrual cycle.
33. Aging occurs because cells stop dividing and die. There are at least two reasons why cells stop dividing. One reason is that cells are programmed to divide only a set number of times. The other reason is that mutations accumulate in DNA and cells with damaged DNA are not allowed to divide.